WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.03
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Suggested citation. Web Annex B. World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List, 2023. In: The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: Executive summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 24 – 28 April 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 (WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.03). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) Explanatory notes
This Model List is intended for use for children up to and including 12 years of age.
The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health-care system, listing the most efficacious, safe and cost-effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost-effective treatment.
The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring facilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training are needed. In case of doubt medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attractive cost–effectiveness in a variety of settings.
The square box symbol () is intended to indicate therapeutic alternatives to the listed medicine that may be considered for selection in national essential medicines lists. Alternatives may be individual medicines, or multiple medicines within a pharmacological class or chemical subgroup, defined at the 4th level of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, which have similar clinical effectiveness and safety. The listed medicine should be the example of the class or subgroup for which there is the best evidence for effectiveness and safety. In some cases, this may be the first medicine that is licensed for marketing; in other instances, subsequently licensed compounds may be safer or more effective. Where there is no difference in terms of efficacy and safety data, the listed medicine should be the one that is generally available at the lowest price, based on international drug price information sources. A square box is not used to indicate alternative generic brands of the same small molecule medicines, nor alternative biosimilars of biological medicines. However, the selection and use of quality-assured generics and biosimilars of essential medicines at country level is recommended.
National lists should not use a similar symbol and should be specific in their final selection, which would depend on local availability and price.
The format and numbering of the 22nd WHO Model List of Essential Medicines is used for the 8th WHO Model Essential List for Children. Some sections have been deleted because they contain medicines that are not relevant for children.
The a symbol indicates that there is an age or weight restriction on use of the medicine; details for each medicine are in Table 1.1 of Annex 1.
The presence of an entry on the Essential Medicines List for Children carries no assurance as to pharmaceutical quality. It is the responsibility of the relevant national or regional drug regulatory authority to ensure that each product is of appropriate pharmaceutical quality (including stability) and that when relevant, different products are interchangeable.
For recommendations and advice concerning all aspects of the quality assurance of medicines see the WHO Medicines website https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and- standards-for-pharmaceuticals/guidelines/quality-assurance.
Medicines and dosage forms are listed in alphabetical order within each section and the order of listing does not imply preference for one form over another. Standard treatment guidelines should be consulted for information on appropriate dosage forms.
The main terms used for dosage forms in the Essential Medicines List can be found in Table 1.2 of Annex 1.
Definitions of many of these terms and pharmaceutical quality requirements applicable to the different categories are published in the current edition of The International Pharmacopoeia https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy- standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards-for-pharmaceuticals/pharmacopoeia.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
1. ANAESTHETICS, PREOPERATIVE MEDICINES AND MEDICAL GASES
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen 1.1.1 Inhalational medicines halothane
isoflurane
nitrous oxide
oxygen
sevoflurane
1.1.2 Injectable medicines ketamine
1.2 Local anaesthetics
Inhalation.
Inhalation.
Inhalation.
Inhalation (medical gas). Inhalation.
Injection: 50 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in 10 mL vial.
propofol * Therapeutic alternatives: – thiopental
Injection: 10 mg/mL; 20 mg/mL.
bupivacaine
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial.
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 0.5% (hydrochloride) in 4 mL ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution.
lidocaine
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial.
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in
2 mL ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. Topical forms: 2% to 4% (hydrochloride).
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline)
Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000.
Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride or sulfate) + epinephrine 1:200 000 in vial.
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1mL ampoule.
morphine Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1mL ampoule. 1.4 Medical gases
midazolam
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
Injection: 1 mg/mL. Oral liquid: 2 mg/mL. Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg.
oxygen*
Inhalation
For use in the management of hypoxaemia.
*No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
2. MEDICINES FOR PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
ibuprofen a
Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL; 200 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg.
a Not in children less than 3 months.
paracetamol (acetaminophen) *
Oral liquid: 120 mg/5 mL or 125 mg/5 mL**; 250 mg/5 mL.
**The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
Suppository: 100 mg; 250 mg. Tablet: 250 mg; 325 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg; 250 mg
*Not recommended for anti-inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
2.2 Opioid analgesics
morphine Therapeutic alternatives:
– hydromorphone – oxycodone
Granules (slow release; to mix with water): 20 mg to 200 mg (morphine sulfate).
Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule.
Oral liquid: 10 mg/5 mL (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate). Tablet (slow release): 10 mg to 200mg (morphine hydrochloride or
morphine sulfate).
Tablet (immediate release): 10 mg (morphine sulfate).
Complementary list
2.3 Medicines for other symptoms common in palliative care amitriptyline Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg.
methadone*
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg (hydrochloride).
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL; 10 mg/5 mL (hydrochloride). Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL (hydrochloride) *For the management of cancer pain.
cyclizine
Injection: 50 mg/mL. Tablet: 50 mg.
dexamethasone
Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL.
Tablet: 2 mg.
diazepam
Injection: 5 mg/mL.
Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL.
Rectal gel: 5 mg/mL in 0.5 mL, 2 mL, 4 mL rectal delivery system.
Rectal solution: 2 mg/mL in 1.25 mL, 2.5 mL rectal tubes; 4 mg/mL in 2.5 mL rectal tube.
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
docusate sodium
hyoscine hydrobromide lactulose
Capsule: 100 mg.
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL.
Injection: 400 micrograms/mL; 600 micrograms/mL. Transdermal patches: 1 mg/72 hours.
Oral liquid: 3.1 to 3.7 g/5 mL.
midazolam
Injection: 1 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL.
Oral liquid: 2mg/mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 7.5 mg; 15 mg.
ondansetron a
Therapeutic alternatives
– dolasetron
– granisetron
– palonosetron – tropisetron
Injection: 2 mg base/mL in 2 mL ampoule (as hydrochloride). Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 mL.
Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base.
a > 1 month.
Oral liquid: 7.5 mg/5 mL. 3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS
dexamethasone Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule.
senna
Injection: 1 mg/mL (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1 mL ampoule.
epinephrine (adrenaline)
hydrocortisone Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial.
loratadine* Therapeutic alternatives:
– cetirizine
– fexofenadine
Oral liquid: 1 mg/mL. Tablet: 10 mg.
*There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications.
prednisolone Therapeutic alternatives: – prednisone
Oral liquid: 5 mg/mL. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 3
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS
4.1 Non-specific
charcoal, activated
4.2 Specific
acetylcysteine
atropine
calcium gluconate naloxone
Complementary List
deferoxamine dimercaprol
fomepizole
sodium calcium edetate
5.1 Antiseizure medicines
Powder.
Injection: 200 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule.
Oral liquid: 10%; 20%.
Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule.
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule.
Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1 mL ampoule.
Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial. Injection in oil: 50 mg/mL in 2 mL ampoule.
Injection: 5 mg/mL (sulfate) in 20 mL ampoule or 1 g/mL (base) in 1.5 mL ampoule.
Injection: 200 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule.
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg. 5. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
succimer
carbamazepine
Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL.
Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 200 mg. Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg; 400 mg.
diazepam
Rectal gel: 5 mg/mL in 0.5 mL, 2 mL, 4 mL rectal delivery system.
Rectal solution: 2 mg/mL in 1.25 mL, 2.5 mL rectal tubes; 4 mg/mL in 2.5 mL rectal tube.
lamotrigine*
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg.
Tablet (chewable, dispersible): 2 mg; 5 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg;
200 mg.
*For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
levetiracetam
Oral solution: 100 mg/mL.
Tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg; 750 mg; 1000 mg.
lorazepam
Therapeutic alternatives:
– diazepam (injection) – midazolam (injection)
Injection: 2 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule; 4 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
midazolam
Solution for oromucosal administration: 5 mg/mL in 0.5 mL, 1 mL, 1.5 mL, 2 mL pre-filled syringe; 10 mg/mL in 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, 0.75 mL, 1 mL pre-filled syringe.
Injection*: 1 mg/mL in 5 mL vial; 5 mg/mL in 1 mL or 3 mL vial.
*For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
phenobarbital
Injection: 30 mg/mL or 60 mg/mL; 200 mg/mL (sodium). Oral liquid: 15 mg/5 mL.
Tablet: 15 mg to 100 mg.
phenytoin
Injection: 50 mg/mL (phenytoin sodium).
Oral liquid: 30 mg/5 mL (phenytoin).
Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (phenytoin sodium). Tablet (chewable): 50 mg (phenytoin).
valproic acid (sodium valproate)*
*avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL.
Tablet (crushable): 100 mg.
Tablet (enteric-coated): 200 mg; 500 mg.
Complementary List
ethosuximide levetiracetam
5.2 Medicines for multiple sclerosis 5.3 Medicines for parkinsonism
Capsule: 250 mg.
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL.
Concentrate solution for infusion: 500 mg/5mL in 5 mL vial.
Solution for infusion: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL; 15 mg/mL in 100 mL bag.
valproic acid (sodium valproate)*
*avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 3 mL, 4 mL, 10 mL ampoule.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 5
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics
albendazole ivermectin levamisole mebendazole niclosamide
praziquantel
pyrantel
6.1.2 Antifilarials
Tablet (chewable, scored): 400 mg. Tablet: 3 mg.
Tablet: 50 mg (as hydrochloride). Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (chewable): 500 mg.
Tablet: 150 mg; 500 mg.
Tablet (scored): 600 mg.
Tablet (chewable): 250 mg (as embonate or pamoate).
albendazole
diethylcarbamazine
ivermectin
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines
Tablet (chewable, scored): 400 mg.
Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate). Tablet: 3 mg.
praziquantel triclabendazole
Complementary List
6.1.4 Cysticidal medicines Complementary List
albendazole mebendazole praziquantel
Tablet: 150 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (scored): 600 mg. Tablet (scored): 250 mg.
Tablet (chewable): 200 mg.
Tablet (chewable, scored): 400 mg. Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg. Tablet: 150 mg; 500 mg.
Tablet (scored): 600 mg
oxamniquine*
Capsule: 250 mg.
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL.
*For use when praziquantel treatment fails.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.2 Antibacterials
To assist in the development of tools for antibiotic stewardship at local, national and global levels and to reduce antimicrobial resistance, the Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics has been developed by WHO – where antibiotics are classified into different groups to emphasize the importance of their appropriate use.
ACCESS GROUP ANTIBIOTICS
This group includes antibiotics that have activity against a wide range of commonly encountered susceptible pathogens while also showing lower resistance potential than antibiotics in the other groups. Selected Access group antibiotics are recommended as essential first or second choice empiric treatment options for infectious syndromes reviewed by the EML Expert Committee and are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists to improve access and promote appropriate use. They are essential antibiotics that should be widely available, affordable and quality assured.
WATCH GROUP ANTIBIOTICS
This group includes antibiotic classes that have higher resistance potential and includes most of the highest priority agents among the Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine and/or antibiotics that are at relatively high risk of selection of bacterial resistance. These medicines should be prioritized as key targets of stewardship programs and monitoring. Selected Watch group antibiotics are recommended as essential first or second choice empiric treatment options for a limited number of specific infectious syndromes and are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists.
RESERVE GROUP ANTIBIOTICS
This group includes antibiotics and antibiotic classes that should be reserved for treatment of confirmed or suspected infections due to multi-drug-resistant organisms. Reserve group antibiotics should be treated as “last resort” options. Selected Reserve group antibiotics are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists when they have a favourable risk- benefit profile and proven activity against “Critical Priority” or “High Priority” pathogens identified by the WHO Priority Pathogens List, notably carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These antibiotics should be accessible, but their use should be tailored to highly specific patients and settings, when all alternatives have failed or are not suitable. These medicines could be protected and prioritized as key targets of national and international stewardship programs involving monitoring and utilization reporting, to preserve their effectiveness.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 7
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.2.1 Access group antibiotics
amikacin
Injection: 50 mg/mL (as sulfate); 250 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial.
FIRST CHOICE
− High-risk febrile neutropenia- pyelonephritis (severe)
SECOND CHOICE
− Sepsis in neonates and children
amoxicillin
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (as trihydrate). Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (as trihydrate).
Tablet (dispersible, scored): 250 mg; 500 mg (as trihydrate).
FIRST CHOICE
− Community acquired pneumonia (mild to moderate)
− Community acquired pneumonia (severe)
− Complicated severe acute malnutrition
− Otitis media
− Pharyngitis
− Progressive apical dental abscess
− Sepsis in neonates and children
− Sinusitis
− Uncomplicated severe acute
malnutrition
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium) + 100 mg (as potassium salt); 1000 mg (as sodium) + 200 mg (as potassium salt) in vial.
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as trihydrate)+ 31.25 mg (as potassium salt)/5 mL; 250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium salt)/5mL.
Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as potassium salt).
Tablet (dispersible): 200 mg (as trihydrate) + 28.5 mg (as potassium salt); 250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium salt).
FIRST CHOICE
− Community acquired pneumonia (severe)
− Complicated intraabdominal infections (mild to moderate)
− Hospital acquired pneumonia
− Low-risk febrile neutropenia
− Lower urinary tract infections
− Sinusitis
− Skin and soft tissue infections
SECOND CHOICE
− Bone and joint infections
− Community acquired pneumonia (mild
to moderate)
− Community acquired pneumonia
(severe)
− Otitis media
− Surgical prophylaxis
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 8
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial.
ampicillin
FIRST CHOICE
− Community acquired pneumonia (severe)
− Complicated intraabdominal infections
− Complicated severe acute malnutrition
− Sepsis in neonates and children
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis
benzathine benzylpenicillin
Powder for injection: 1.2 million IU (≈ 900 mg) in vial; 2.4 million IU (≈ 1.8 g) in vial.
FIRST CHOICE
− Syphilis (congenital)
SECOND CHOICE
Powder for injection: 600 mg (= 1 million IU); 3 g (= 5 million IU) (sodium or potassium salt) in vial.
benzylpenicillin
FIRST CHOICE
− Community acquired pneumonia (severe)
− Complicated severe acute malnutrition
− Sepsis in neonates and children
− Syphilis (congenital)
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis
cefalexin
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (anhydrous). Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as monohydrate).
Tablet (dispersible): 125 mg; 250 mg.
FIRST CHOICE
− Skin and soft tissue infections
SECOND CHOICE
− Pharyngitis
cefazolin a
Powder for injection: 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. a > 1 month.
FIRST CHOICE
− Surgical prophylaxis
SECOND CHOICE
− Bone and joint infections
chloramphenicol
Oily suspension for injection*: 0.5 g/mL (as sodium succinate) in 2 mL ampoule. *Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than 2 years. Powder for injection: 1 g (sodium succinate) in vial.
FIRST CHOICE
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
Capsule: 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
Injection: 150 mg/mL (as phosphate).
Powder for oral liquid: 75 mg/5 mL (as palmitate hydrochloride).
clindamycin
FIRST CHOICE
− Necrotizing fasciitis
SECOND CHOICE
− Bone and joint infections
cloxacillin*
Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
Capsule: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium).
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg (as sodium) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (as sodium).
*cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
FIRST CHOICE
− Bone and joint infections
− Skin and soft tissue infections
SECOND CHOICE
− Sepsis in neonates and children
doxycycline a
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (calcium).
Powder for oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL (monohydrate).
Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial.
Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg (as hyclate).
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate).
a Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
FIRST CHOICE
SECOND CHOICE
− Cholera
− Community acquired pneumonia (mild
to moderate)
Injection: 10 mg/mL (as sulfate); 40 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial.
FIRST CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis in neonates
− Community acquired pneumonia (severe)
− Complicated intraabdominal infections
− Complicated severe acute malnutrition
− Sepsis in neonates and children
SECOND CHOICE
− Surgical prophylaxis
gentamicin
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
metronidazole
Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial.
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (as benzoate). Tablet: 200 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg.
FIRST CHOICE
− C. difficile infection
− Complicated intra-abdominal
infections (mild to moderate)
− Complicated intra-abdominal
infections (severe)
− Necrotizing fasciitis
− Surgical prophylaxis
SECOND CHOICE
− Complicated intra-abdominal infections (mild to moderate)
nitrofurantoin
phenoxymethylpenicillin
procaine benzylpenicillin*
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg.
FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − Lower urinary tract infections
Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL (as potassium).
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as potassium).
FIRST CHOICE
− Community acquired pneumonia (mild to moderate)
− Pharyngitis
− Progressive apical dental abscess
SECOND CHOICE
Powder for injection: 1 g (=1 million IU); 3 g (=3 million IU) in vial.
*Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis / sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE
− Syphilis (congenital)
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/ mL in 5 mL ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/ mL in 10 mL ampoule.
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 mL.
Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg + 20 mg.
FIRST CHOICE
− Lower urinary tract infections
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery
trimethoprim
Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL.
FIRST CHOICE
− Lower urinary tract infections
SECOND CHOICE
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.2.2 Watch group antibiotics
azithromycin
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous). Powder for oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (anhydrous).
FIRST CHOICE
− Cholera
− Enteric fever − Trachoma
− Yaws
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery
cefixime
Powder for oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg (as trihydrate).
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g (as sodium) in vial. *3rd generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
FIRST CHOICE
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery
cefotaxime*
FIRST CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis
− Community acquired pneumonia
(severe)
− Complicated intraabdominal
infections (mild to moderate)
− Complicated intraabdominal
infections (severe)
− Hospital acquired pneumonia
− Pyelonephritis (severe)
SECOND CHOICE
− Bone and joint infections
− Pyelonephritis (mild to moderate) − Sepsis in neonates and children
ceftriaxone*a
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial.
*Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinaemia. a > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
FIRST CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis
− Community acquired pneumonia
(severe)
− Complicated intraabdominal
infections (mild to moderate)
− Complicated intraabdominal
infections (severe)
− Endophthalmitis
− Enteric fever
− Hospital acquired pneumonia
− Necrotizing fasciitis
− Pyelonephritis (severe)
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery
− Bone and joint infections
− Pyelonephritis (mild to moderate)
− Sepsis in neonates and children
cefuroxime
FIRST CHOICE
SECOND CHOICE
− Surgical prophylaxis
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 750 mg; 1.5 g (as sodium) in vial.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
ciprofloxacin
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL (anhydrous) .
Solution for IV infusion: 2 mg/ mL (as hyclate) .
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
FIRST CHOICE
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery
− Enteric fever
− Low-risk febrile neutropenia
− Pyelonephritis (mild to moderate)
SECOND CHOICE
− Cholera
− Complicated intraabdominal infections
(mild to moderate)
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL. Powder for injection: 500 mg in vial.
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.
clarithromycin Therapeutic alternatives: – erythromycin
piperacillin + tazobactam
vancomycin*
Complementary List
ceftazidime
meropenem* a Therapeutic alternatives*:
– imipenem + cilastatin
*complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only. Meropenem is the preferred choice for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates.
vancomycin
FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE
− Pharyngitis
Powder for injection: 2 g (as sodium) + 250 mg (as sodium); 4 g (as sodium) +
500 mg (as sodium) in vial.
Capsule: 125 mg; 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
*vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration. FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE
− C. difficile infection Powder for injection: 250 mg; 1 g (as pentahydrate) in vial.
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as trihydrate); 1 g (as trihydrate) in vial a > 3 months.
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as hydrochloride) in vial.
FIRST CHOICE
− Complicated intraabdominal infections (severe)
− High-risk febrile neutropenia
− Hospital acquired pneumonia
− Necrotizing fasciitis
SECOND CHOICE
FIRST CHOICE
− Endophthalmitis
SECOND CHOICE
FIRST CHOICE
SECOND CHOICE
− Acute bacterial meningitis in neonates − Complicated intraabdominal infections
(severe)
− High-risk febrile neutropenia
FIRST CHOICE
− Endophthalmitis
− Necrotizing fasciitis
SECOND CHOICE
− High-risk febrile neutropenia
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.2.3 Reserve group antibiotics Complementary List
ceftazidime + avibactam ceftolozane + tazobactam
colistin fosfomycin
polymyxin B
6.2.4 Antileprosy medicines
clofazimine dapsone
rifampicin
6.2.5 Antituberculosis medicines
Powder for injection: 2 g + 0.5 g in vial Powder for injection: 1 g + 0.5 g in vial.
Powder for injection: 1 million IU (as colistemethate sodium) (equivalent to 34 mg colistin base activity) in vial
Powder for injection: 2 g; 4 g (as sodium) in vial
Powder for injection: 500,000 IU (equivalent to 50 mg polymyxin B base) in vial.
Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg.
Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg.
linezolid
Injection for intravenous administration: 2 mg/mL in 300 mL bag. Powder for oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL.
Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg.
Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination therapy is essential to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Colour-coded blister packs (MDT blister packs) containing standard two-medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or three-medicine (multibacillary leprosy) combinations for adult and childhood leprosy should be used. MDT blister packs can be supplied free of charge through WHO.
WHO recommends and endorses the use of fixed-dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed-dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non-refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality.
ethambutol ethionamide
isoniazid
isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin isoniazid + rifampicin
isoniazid + rifapentine
pyrazinamide
rifampicin rifapentine
Tablet: 100 mg; 400 mg (hydrochloride). Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg.
Tablet: 250 mg
Tablet (dispersible): 125 mg.
Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg + 150 mg + 75 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg + 75 mg.
Tablet (scored): 300 mg + 300 mg.
Tablet: 400 mg; 500 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg.
Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg. Tablet: 150 mg; 300 mg.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
Complementary List
Medicines for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) should be used in specialized centres adhering to WHO standards for TB control.
amikacin
bedaquiline clofazimine cycloserine
delamanid
levofloxacin
linezolid meropenem moxifloxacin
p-aminosalicylate sodium streptomycin
6.3 Antifungal medicines
Injection: 250 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial.
Tablet: 20 mg; 100 mg.
Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg. Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg; 250 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 25 mg.
Tablet: 50 mg.
Tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg.
Tablet: 600 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg.
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as trihydrate); 1 g (as trihydrate) in vial.
Tablet: 400 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg.
Powder for oral solution: 5.52 g in sachet (equivalent to 4 g p-aminosalicylic acid.
Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid*
Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium salt)/5mL.
Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as potassium salt). *For use only in combination with meropenem.
ethionamide Therapeutic alternatives: – protionamide
Tablet: 250 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 125 mg.
amphotericin B*
Powder for injection: 50 mg (liposomal complex) in vial. Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium deoxycholate) in vial.
*Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost.
fluconazole
Capsule: 50 mg.
Injection: 2 mg/mL in vial.
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL.
Powder for oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL.
flucytosine griseofulvin
Capsule: 250 mg. Infusion: 2.5 g in 250 mL.
Oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg; 250 mg.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
itraconazole*
Capsule: 100 mg.
Oral liquid: 10 mg/mL.
*For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, acute invasive aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients.
nystatin
Lozenge: 100 000 IU.
Oral liquid: 100 000 IU/mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 500 000 IU.
voriconazole*
Tablet: 50 mg; 200 mg.
Powder for injection: 200 mg in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 40 mg/mL.
*For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
Complementary List
potassium iodide Saturated solution. 6.4 Antiviral medicines
6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines
micafungin
Therapeutic alternatives:
– anidulafungin – caspofungin
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium); 100 mg (as sodium) in vial.
aciclovir
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL.
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. Tablet: 200 mg.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
lamivudine Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. zidovudine Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international and national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is recommended for use in combination as a pharmacological booster, and not as an antiretroviral in its own right. All other protease inhibitors should be used in boosted forms (e.g. with ritonavir).
Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following classes of antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of mother-to-child transmission and post-exposure prophylaxis). WHO emphasizes the importance of using these products in accordance with global and national guidelines. WHO recommends and endorses the use of fixed-dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed-dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non-refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality.
Scored tablets can be used in children and therefore can be considered for inclusion in the listing of tablets, provided that adequate quality products are available.
nevirapine a
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg. a > 6 weeks
darunavir a lopinavir + ritonavir
ritonavir
6.4.2.4 Integrase inhibitors
Tablet: 75 mg. a > 3 years
Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg + 10 mg. Tablet (heat stable): 100 mg + 25 mg. Tablet (heat stable): 25 mg; 100 mg.
dolutegravir a
Tablet (dispersible, scored): 10 mg. a ≥4 weeks and ≥3 kg
Tablet: 50 mg.
a ≥ 25 kg
raltegravir*
Granules for oral suspension: 100 mg in sachet. Tablet (chewable): 25 mg.
*For use in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines
6.4.2.5 Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines
abacavir + lamivudine Tablet (dispersible, scored): 120 mg (as sulfate) + 60 mg. lamivudine + zidovudine Tablet: 30 mg + 60 mg.
6.4.2.6 Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections
isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole +
trimethoprim
Tablet (scored): 300 mg + 25 mg + 800 mg + 160 mg
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.4.3 Other antivirals
Complementary List
6.4.4 Antihepatitis medicines
6.4.4.1 Medicines for hepatitis B
6.4.4.1.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
ribavirin*
Injection for intravenous administration: 800 mg and 1 g in 10 mL phosphate buffer solution.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. *For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers only.
oseltamivir*
Capsule: 30 mg; 45 mg; 75 mg (as phosphate).
*Severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
valganciclovir*
Powder for oral solution: 50 mg/mL
Tablet: 450 mg.
*For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
entecavir
6.4.4.2 Medicines for hepatitis C
Oral liquid: 0.05 mg/ mL Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg
Pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals should be considered as therapeutically equivalent for the purposes of selection and procurement at national level.
6.4.4.2.1 □ Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
daclatasvir*
daclatasvir + sofosbuvir glecaprevir + pibrentasvir
sofosbuvir*
sofosbuvir + velpatasvir
Tablet: 30 mg; 60 mg (as hydrochloride). *Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir Tablet: 60 mg + 400 mg.
Granules: 50 mg + 20 mg in sachet.
Tablet: 100 mg + 40 mg.
Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg.
*Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir Tablet: 200 mg + 50 mg; 400 mg + 100 mg
6.4.4.2.2 Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations 6.4.4.2.3 Other antivirals for hepatitis C
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines
6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
diloxanide a
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines
meglumine antimoniate miltefosine
paromomycin
sodium stibogluconate
6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines 6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
amodiaquine* artemether*
Tablet: 500 mg (furoate). a > 25 kg.
metronidazole Therapeutic alternatives: – tinidazole
Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial.
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (as benzoate). Tablet: 200 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg
amphotericin B*
Powder for injection: 50 mg (liposomal complex) in vial. Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium deoxycholate) in vial.
*Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost.
Injection: 1.5 g/5 mL in 5 mL ampoule. Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 50 mg.
Solution for intramuscular injection: 750 mg of paromomycin base (as sulfate).
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 30 mL vial.
Tablet: 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride). *To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg. Oily injection: 80 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule. *For use in the management of severe malaria.
Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list currently recommends combinations according to treatment guidelines. WHO recognizes that not all of the fixed dose combinations (FDCs in the WHO treatment guidelines exist, and encourages their development and rigorous testing. WHO also encourages development and testing of rectal dosage formulations.
artemether + lumefantrine*
Tablet: 20 mg + 120 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 20 mg + 120 mg.
*Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
artesunate*
Injection: ampoules, containing 60 mg anhydrous artesunic acid with a separate ampoule of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution.
For use in the management of severe malaria.
Rectal dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg capsules
For pre-referral treatment of severe malaria only; patients should be taken to an appropriate health facility for follow-up care.
Tablet: 50 mg.
*To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
artesunate + amodiaquine *
Tablet: 25 mg + 67.5 mg; 50 mg + 135 mg; 100 mg + 270 mg.
*Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.
artesunate + mefloquine
dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate
a
mefloquine*
Tablet: 25 mg + 55 mg; 100 mg + 220 mg.
Tablet: 20 mg + 160 mg; 40 mg + 320 mg. a > 5 kg
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
*To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
Tablet: 500 mg + 25 mg.
*Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate a
Granules: 20 mg + 60 mg. Tablet: 60 mg + 180 mg. a > 5 kg
chloroquine*
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (as phosphate or sulfate). Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
*For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
doxycycline*
Capsule: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate). Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate). *For use only in combination with quinine.
primaquine*
Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg (as diphosphate).
*Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.
quinine*
Injection: 300 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Tablet: 300 mg (sulfate) or 300 mg (bisulfate).
*For use only in the management of severe malaria and should be used in combination with doxycycline.
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine*
6.5.3.2 For chemoprevention
amodiaquine – sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine
Co-packaged dispersible tablets:
amodiaquine 76.5 mg (as hydrochloride) [3] and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine 250 mg + 12.5 mg [1];
amodiaquine 153 mg (as hydrochloride) [3] and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine 500 mg + 25 mg [1].
chloroquine*
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (as phosphate or sulfate). Tablet: 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
*For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
doxycycline a
mefloquine a
proguanil*
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate). a > 8 years.
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
a > 5 kg or > 3 months.
Tablet: 100 mg (as hydrochloride).
*For use only in combination with chloroquine.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine Tablet: 250 mg + 12.5 mg. 6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
pyrimethamine Tablet: 25 mg. sulfadiazine Tablet: 500 mg.
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines 6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis.
Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule.
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 mL.
Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg + 20 mg.
fexinidazole*
Tablet: 600 mg
*For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage of human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
pentamidine*
Powder for injection: 300 mg (as isetionate) in vial.
*To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
suramin sodium*
Powder for injection: 1 g in vial.
*To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
eflornithine*
Injection: 200 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 50 mL bottle.
*To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
nifurtimox*
Tablet (scored): 30 mg; 120 mg.
*Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
Complementary List
melarsoprol
6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis
benznidazole nifurtimox
6.6 Medicines for ectoparasitic infections
ivermectin
Injection: 180 mg/5 mL in 5 mL ampoule (3.6% solution).
Tablet: 12.5 mg.
Tablet (scored): 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet (scored): 30 mg; 120 mg.
Tablet: 3 mg.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
6.7 Medicines for Ebola virus disease
ansuvimab
atoltivimab + maftivimab + odesivimab 6.8 Medicines for COVID-19
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack
ibuprofen
Powder for injection: 400 mg.
Injection: 241.7 mg + 241.7 mg + 241.7 mg in 14.5 mL vial.
WHO recommends that effective and safe therapeutics for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 should be considered as essential medicines in the context of the public health emergency. WHO recommendations are revised and updated regularly in WHO living guidelines for therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
Selection of essential therapeutics for COVID-19 at the national level should be informed by recommendations in these guidelines, and consideration of the latest evidence, epidemiology and national priorities.
The latest WHO Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline is available online at: https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/nBkO1E The latest WHO Drugs to prevent COVID-19: living guideline is available online at: https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/L6RxYL
7.2 For prophylaxis
propranolol
Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg (hydrochloride).
Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg.
paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Oral liquid: 120 mg/5 mL or 125 mg/5 mL*; 250 mg/5 mL.
*The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
Suppository: 250 mg.
Tablet: 250 mg; 325 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg; 250 mg.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
8. IMMUNOMODULATORS AND ANTINEOPLASTICS
8.1 Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease
Complementary List
adalimumab* Therapeutic alternatives*:
– etanercept – infliximab
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 10 mg/0.2 mL; 20 mg/0.4 mL; 40 mg/0.8 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL.
azathioprine
Oral lliquid: 10 mg/mL.
Powder for injection: 50 mg; 100 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
Tablet: 25 mg.
Tablet (scored): 50 mg.
ciclosporin
Capsule: 25 mg.
Concentrate for injection: 50 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 100 mg/mL.
tacrolimus
Capsule (immediate-release): 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg.
Granules for oral supsension: 0.2 mg; 1 mg. Injection: 5 mg/mL in 1 mL vial.
8.2 Antineoplastic and supportive medicines
Medicines listed below should be used according to protocols for treatment of the diseases.
8.2.1 Cytotoxic medicines Complementary List
Concentrate for solution for infusion: 1 mg/mL; 2 mg/mL. − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
Powder for injection: 10 000 IU in vial. *including quality-assured biosimilars − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
arsenic trioxide asparaginase*
bleomycin
Powder for injection: 15 000 IU (as sulfate) in vial.
− Hodgkin lymphoma
− Kaposi sarcoma
− Testicular germ cell tumours − Ovarian germ cell tumours
calcium folinate (leucovorin calcium)
Injection: 3 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule; 7.5 mg/mL in 2 mL ampoule; 10 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule.
Tablet: 5 mg; 15 mg; 25 mg.
− Burkitt lymphoma − Osteosarcoma
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
carboplatin
Injection: 50 mg/5 mL; 150 mg/15 mL; 450 mg/45 mL; 600 mg/60 mL.
− Low-grade glioma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma
− Ovarian germ cell tumours
− Retinoblastoma
− Testicular germ cell tumours
cisplatin
Injection: 10 mg/10 mL; 20 mg/20 mL; 50 mg/50 mL; 100 mg/100mL.
− Low-grade glioma
− Nasopharyngeal cancer
− Osteosarcoma
− Ovarian germ cell tumours − Testicular germ cell tumours
cyclophosphamide
Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g in vial. Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg; 50 mg.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma
− Hodgkin lymphoma
− Low-grade glioma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Rhabdomyosarcoma
cytarabine
Injection: 100 mg/mL in vial. Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute myeloid leukaemia
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
− Langerhans cell histiocytosis
dacarbazine
Powder for injection: 100 mg; 200 mg in vial. − Hodgkin lymphoma
dactinomycin
Powder for injection: 500 micrograms in vial.
− Ewing sarcoma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Rhabdomyosarcoma
daunorubicin
Injection: 2 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in vial. Powder for injection: 20 mg; 50 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
doxorubicin
Injection: 2 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 5 mL, 25 mL vial. Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma
− Hodgkin lymphoma
− Kaposi sarcoma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma
doxorubicin (as pegylated liposomal)
Injection: 2 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 10 mL, 25 mL vial. − Kaposi sarcoma
etoposide
Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg.
Injection: 20 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule.
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as phosphate) in vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute myeloid leukaemia
− Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
− Ewing sarcoma
− Hodgkin lymphoma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma
− Ovarian germ cell tumours
− Retinoblastoma
− Testicular germ cell tumours
fluorouracil
Injection: 50 mg/mL in vial.
− Early stage colon cancer
− Early stage rectal cancer
− Nasopharyngeal cancer
− Metastatic colorectal cancer
hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea)
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 200 mg; 300 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg; 1 g.
− Chronic myeloid leukaemia
ifosfamide
Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g in vial.
− Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
− Ewing sarcoma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma
− Ovarian germ cell tumours − Rhabdomyosarcoma
− Testicular germ cell tumours
irinotecan
Injection: 40 mg/2 mL in 2 mL vial; 100 mg/5 mL in 5 mL vial; 500 mg/25 mL in 25 mL vial.
− Metastatic colorectal cancer
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Rhabdomyosarcoma
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
mercaptopurine
Tablet: 50 mg.
Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia − Langerhans cell histocytosis
methotrexate
Concentrated injection: 1000 mg/10 mL. Injection: 50 mg/2 mL.
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium) in vial. Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium).
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
− Langerhans cell histocytosis − Osteosarcoma
oxaliplatin
Injection: 50 mg/10 mL in 10 mL vial; 100 mg/20 mL in 20 mL vial; 200 mg/40 mL in 40 mL vial.
Powder for injection: 50 mg; 100 mg in vial.
− Early stage colon cancer
− Metastatic colorectal cancer
paclitaxel
procarbazine
realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation tioguanine
Injection: 6 mg/mL in vial.
− Ovarian germ cell tumours
Capsule: 50 mg (as hydrochloride). − Hodgkin lymphoma
Tablet: 270 mg (containing tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide 30 mg) − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
pegaspargase*
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 3750 units/5 mL in vial Powder for injection: 3750 units in vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
vinblastine
Injection: 10 mg/10 mL (sulfate) in vial. Powder for injection: 10 mg (sulfate) in vial.
− Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Hodgkin lymphoma
− Langerhans cell histiocytosis
− Low-grade glioma
− Ovarian germ cell tumours − Testicular germ cell tumours
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
vincristine
Injection: 1 mg/mL (sulfate); 2 mg/2 mL (sulfate) in vial. Powder for injection: 1 mg; 5 mg (sulfate) in vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Burkitt lymphoma.
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma
− Hodgkin lymphoma
− Kaposi sarcoma
− Langerhans cell histiocytosis
− Low-grade glioma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Retinoblastoma
− Rhabdomyosarcoma
vinorelbine
Capsule: 20 mg; 30 mg.
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 1 mL, 5 mL vial.
− Rhabdomyosarcoma
8.2.2 Targeted therapies Complementary List
all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) dasatinib
Capsule: 10 mg.
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
Tablet: 20 mg; 50 mg; 70 mg; 80 mg.
− Imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia
everolimus
Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 7.5 mg; 10 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 2 mg; 3 mg; 5 mg.
− Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
imatinib
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 400 mg.
− Chronic myeloid leukaemia
− Gastrointestinal stromal tumour
− Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic
leukaemia
nilotinib
Capsule: 150 mg; 200 mg.
− Imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia
rituximab*
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection (intravenous): 100 mg/10 mL in 10 mL vial; 500 mg/50 mL in 50 mL vial.
− Burkitt lymphoma
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
8.2.3 Immunomodulators Complementary List
filgrastim*
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 120 micrograms/0.2 mL; 300 micrograms/0.5 mL; 480 micrograms/0.8 mL in pre-filled syringe.
Injection: 300 micrograms/mL in 1 mL vial; 480 micrograms/1.6 mL in 1.6 mL vial.
− Primary prophylaxis in patients at high risk for developing febrile neutropenia associated with myelotoxic chemotherapy.
− Secondary prophylaxis for patients who have experienced neutropenia following prior myelotoxic chemotherapy
− To facilitate administration of dose dense chemotherapy regimens
pegfilgrastim*
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 6 mg/0.6 mL in pre-filled syringe.
− Primary prophylaxis in patients at high risk for developing febrile neutropenia associated with myelotoxic chemotherapy
− Secondary prophylaxis for patients who have experienced neutropenia following prior myelotoxic chemotherapy
− To facilitate administration of dose dense chemotherapy regimens
8.2.4 Hormones and antihormones Complementary List
dexamethasone
Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule.
Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 2 mg; 4 mg.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
hydrocortisone
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Burkitt lymphoma
methylprednisolone
Injection: 40 mg/mL (as sodium succinate) in 1 mL single-dose vial and 5 mL multi-dose vials; 80 mg/mL (as sodium succinate) in 1 mL single-dose vial.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukamia
− Burkitt lymphoma
prednisolone Therapeutic alternatives: – prednisone
Oral liquid: 5 mg/mL. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg.
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Hodgkin lymphoma
− Langerhans cell histiocytosis
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
8.2.5 Supportive medicines Complementary List
allopurinol
Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg.
− Tumour lysis syndrome
mesna
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 4 mL and 10 mL ampoules. Tablet: 400 mg; 600 mg.
− Burkitt lymphoma
− Ewing sarcoma
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma
− Ovarian germ cell tumours
− Rhabdomyosarcoma
− Testicular germ cell tumours
rasburicase
Powder and solvent for solution for infusion: 1.5 mg; 7.5 mg in vial
− Tumour lysis syndrome
9. THERAPEUTIC FOODS
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD
10.1 Antianaemia medicines
ferrous salt
folic acid hydroxocobalamin
Complementary List
10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation
phytomenadione
Oral liquid: equivalent to 25 mg iron (as sulfate)/mL.
Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron.
Tablet: 1 mg; 5 mg.
Injection: 1 mg (as acetate, as hydrochloride or as sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule.
ready-to-use therapeutic food
Biscuit or paste*.
*of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines.
erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Therapeutic alternatives:
– epoetin alfa, beta and theta – darbepoetin alfa
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: pre-filled syringe
1000 IU/0.5 mL; 2000 IU/0.5 mL; 3000 IU/0.3 mL; 4000 IU/0.4 mL; 5000 IU/0.5 mL; 6000 IU/0.6 mL; 8000 IU/0.8mL; 10 000 IU/1 mL; 20 000 IU/0.5 mL; 40 000 IU/1 mL.
enoxaparin
Therapeutic alternatives:
– dalteparin – nadroparin
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: ampoule or pre-filled syringe
20 mg/0.2 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL; 60 mg/0.6 mL; 80 mg/0.8 mL; 100 mg/1 mL; 120 mg/0.8 mL; 150 mg/1 mL.
Injection: 1 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL in ampoule. Tablet: 10 mg.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
Complementary List
desmopressin
heparin sodium
protamine sulfate
warfarin
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies
Complementary list
deferoxamine
11.1 Blood and blood components
Injection: 4 micrograms/mL (as acetate) in 1 mL ampoule. Nasal spray: 10 micrograms (as acetate) per dose. Injection: 1000 IU/mL; 5000 IU/mL in 1 mL ampoule. Injection: 10 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule.
Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium).
Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial.
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 200 mg; 500 mg; 1 g. 11. BLOOD PRODUCTS OF HUMAN ORIGIN AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
deferasirox Therapeutic alternatives: – deferiprone
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg; 125 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (film-coated): 90 mg; 180 mg; 360 mg.
hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea)
In accordance with the World Health Assembly resolution WHA63.12, WHO recognizes that achieving self-sufficiency, unless special circumstances preclude it, in the supply of safe blood components based on voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation, and the security of that supply are important national goals to prevent blood shortages and meet the transfusion requirements of the patient population. All preparations should comply with the WHO requirements.
cryoprecipitate, pathogen-reduced Therapeutic alternatives:
– cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced)
Injection: frozen liquid in bag or lyophilized powder in vial containing:
– > 50 IU Factor VIII
– > 100 IU vWF
– > 140 mg clottable fibrinogen per unit
fresh-frozen plasma platelets
red blood cells whole blood
11.2 Plasma-derived medicines
All human plasma-derived medicines should comply with the WHO requirements.
11.2.1 Human immunoglobulins
anti-rabies immunoglobulin Injection: 150 IU/mL in vial. anti-tetanus immunoglobulin Injection: 500 IU in vial.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
Complementary List
normal immunoglobulin
Intramuscular administration: 16% protein solution. Subcutaneous administration: 15%; 16% protein solution.
− Primary immune deficiency.
Intravenous administration: 5%; 10% protein solution.
− Primary immune deficiency
− Kawasaki disease
− Langerhans cell histiocytosis
11.2.2 Blood coagulation factors Complementary List
coagulation factor VIII
11.3 Plasma substitutes
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES
12.1 Antianginal medicines
12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines 12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure
Complementary List
dopamine
12.5 Antithrombotic medicines 12.6 Lipid-lowering agents
Powder for injection: 250 IU; 500 IU; 1000 IU in vial.
coagulation factor IX Therapeutic alternatives:
– coagulation factor IX complex
Powder for injection: 500 IU; 1000 IU in vial.
dextran 70 Therapeutic alternatives:
– Polygeline injectable solution 3.5%
Injectable solution: 6%.
enalapril Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
Oral liquid: 1 mg/mL (as hydrogen maleate).
Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg (as hydrogen maleate).
furosemide
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 2 mL, 5 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 mL; 50 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg.
digoxin
Injection: 100 micrograms/mL in 1 mL ampoule; 250 micrograms/mL in 2 mL ampoule.
Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/mL.
Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 125 micrograms; 250 mg micrograms.
Injection: 40 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 5 mL vial.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
12.7 Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES
13.1 Antifungal medicines
selenium sulfide
terbinafine
13.2 Anti-infective medicines
mupirocin
potassium permanganate
silver sulfadiazine a
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
Detergent-based suspension: 2%. Cream or ointment: 1% (hydrochloride).
Cream: 2% (as calcium). Ointment: 2%.
Aqueous solution: 1:10 000. Cream: 1%.
a > 2 months.
miconazole Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
Cream or ointment: 2% (nitrate).
betamethasone a Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
Cream or ointment: 0.1% (as valerate). a Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates.
calamine
hydrocortisone
13.4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation
Lotion.
Cream or ointment: 1% (acetate).
benzoyl peroxide
coal tar
salicylic acid urea
Complementary List
methotrexate
Cream or lotion: 5%.
Solution: 5%.
Solution: 5%.
Cream or ointment: 5%; 10%.
Tablet: 2.5 mg; 10 mg (as sodium).
calcipotriol
Therapeutic alternatives:
– calcitriol – tacalcitol
Cream or ointment: 50 micrograms/mL (0.005%). Lotion: 50 micrograms/mL (0.005%).
podophyllum resin Therapeutic alternatives: – podophyllotoxin
Solution: 10% to 25%.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
13.5 Scabicides and pediculicides
permethrin
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
fluorescein
14.2 Radiocontrast media
Complementary List
barium sulfate
15. ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
15.1 Antiseptics
chlorhexidine
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
15.2 Disinfectants
Cream: 5%. Lotion: 1%.
Eye drops: 1% (sodium salt).
Aqueous suspension.
Solution: 5% (digluconate).
benzyl benzoate a
Therapeutic alternatives:
– precipitated sulfur topical ointment
Lotion: 25%. a > 2 years.
tropicamide Therapeutic alternatives:
– atropine
– cyclopentolate
Eye drops: 0.5%.
ethanol
Therapeutic alternatives: – propanol
Solution: 70% (denatured).
povidone iodine Therapeutic alternatives: – iodine
Solution: 10% (equivalent to 1% available iodine).
alcohol based hand rub
Solution containing ethanol 80% volume /volume.
Solution containing isopropyl alcohol 75% volume/volume.
chlorine base compound
Liquid: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. Powder: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. Solid: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution.
chloroxylenol Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
Solution: 4.8%.
glutaral
Solution: 2%.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
16. DIURETICS
Complementary List
mannitol
spironolactone
17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES
Complementary List
pancreatic enzymes
17.1 Antiulcer medicines
Injectable solution: 10%; 20%.
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL; 10 mg/5 mL; 25 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 25 mg.
Age-appropriate formulations and doses including lipase, protease and amylase.
furosemide
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 2 mL, 5 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 mL; 50 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg.
hydrochlorothiazide Therapeutic alternatives:
– chlorothiazide – chlortalidone
Tablet (scored): 25 mg.
omeprazole Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
Powder for oral liquid: 20 mg; 40 mg sachets. Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.
ranitidine Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
Injection: 25 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 mL (as hydrochloride).
Tablet: 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
17.2 Antiemetic medicines
dexamethasone
Injection: 4 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule (as disodium phosphate salt).
Oral liquid: 0.5 mg/5 mL; 2 mg/5 mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1.5 mg; 4 mg.
metoclopramide a
Injection: 5 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL.
Tablet: 10 mg (hydrochloride).
a Not in neonates.
ondansetron a
Therapeutic alternatives:
– dolasetron
– granisetron
– palonosetron – tropisetron
Injection: 2 mg base/mL in 2 mL ampoule (as hydrochloride). Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 mL.
Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base.
a > 1 month.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
Complementary list
aprepitant
17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines 17.4 Laxatives
17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea
17.5.1 Oral rehydration
Capsule: 80 mg; 125 mg; 165 mg
Powder for oral susupension: 125 mg in sachet
oral rehydration salts – zinc sulfate
Co-package containing:
ORS powder for dilution (see Section 17.5.1) – zinc sulfate solid oral dosage form 20 mg (see Section 17.5.2)
oral rehydration salts
Powder for dilution in 200 mL; 500 mL; 1 L.
glucose:
sodium:
chloride:
potassium:
citrate:
osmolarity:
glucose:
sodium chloride:
potassium chloride: trisodium citrate dihydrate*:
75 mEq
75 mEq or mmol/L 65 mEq or mmol/L 20 mEq or mmol/L 10 mmol/L
245 mOsm/L
13.5 g/L
2.6 g/L
1.5 g/L
2.9 g/L
*trisodium citrate dihydrate may be replaced by sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 2.5 g/L. However, as the stability of this latter formulation is very poor under tropical conditions, it is recommended only when manufactured for immediate use.
17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea
18. MEDICINES FOR ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
fludrocortisone hydrocortisone 18.2 Androgens 18.3 Estrogens 18.4 Progestogens
Tablet: 100 micrograms (acetate). Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg.
zinc sulfate*
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg.
*In acute diarrhoea, zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
18.5 Medicines for diabetes
18.5.1 Insulins
insulin injection (soluble)*
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 100 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 3 mL cartridge or pre-filled pen.
intermediate-acting insulin*
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 100 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 3 mL cartridge or pre-filled pen (as compound insulin zinc suspension or isophane insulin).
long-acting insulin analogues* Therapeutic alternatives:
– insulin detemir
– insulin degludec – insulin glargine
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 100 IU/mL in 3 mL cartridge or pre-filled pen.
18.5.2 Oral hypoglycaemic agents Complementary List
metformin
18.6 Medicines for hypoglycaemia
glucagon
Complementary List
diazoxide
18.7 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines
levothyroxine
Complementary List
Lugol’s solution
potassium iodide
Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride). Injection: 1 mg/mL.
Oral liquid: 50 mg/mL Tablet: 50 mg
Tablet: 25 micrograms; 50 micrograms; 100 micrograms (sodium salt).
Oral liquid: about 130 mg total iodine/mL.
Tablet: 60 mg.
methimazole Therapeutic alternatives:
– carbimazole (depending on local availability)
Tablet: 5mg, 10mg, 20mg.
propylthiouracil*
Tablet: 50 mg.
*For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
18.8 Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents
All tuberculins should comply with the WHO requirements for tuberculins. tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) Injection.
19.2 Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies
All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO requirements.
anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies*
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 40 IU/mL in 1.25 mL, 2.5 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 2.5 mL vial (human).
Injection: 300 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 600 IU/mL in 1 mL, 2.5 mL and 5 mL vial (murine).
antivenom immunoglobulin*
diphtheria antitoxin
equine rabies immunoglobulin 19.3 Vaccines
Injection.
*Exact type to be defined locally.
Injection: 10 000 IU; 20 000 IU in vial.
Injection: 150 IU/mL; 200 IU/mL; 300 IU/mL; 400 IU/mL in vial
WHO immunization policy recommendations are published in vaccine position papers on the basis of recommendations made by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE).
WHO vaccine position papers are updated three to four times per year. The list below details the vaccines for which there is a recommendation from SAGE and a corresponding WHO position paper as at March 2023. The most recent versions of the WHO position papers, reflecting the current evidence related to a specific vaccine and the related recommendations, can be accessed at any time on the WHO website at:
https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/position-papers
Vaccine recommendations may be universal or conditional (e.g., in certain regions, in some high-risk populations or as part of immunization programmes with certain characteristics). Details are available in the relevant position papers, and in the Summary Tables of WHO Routine Immunization Recommendations available on the WHO website at:
https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/who-recommendations-for-routine-immunization— summary-tables
Selection of vaccines from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities.
All vaccines should comply with the WHO requirements for biological substances. WHO noted the need for vaccines used in children to be polyvalent.
Recommendations for all
BCG vaccine
diphtheria vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine hepatitis B vaccine
human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine measles vaccine
pertussis vaccine
pneumococcal vaccine
poliomyelitis vaccine
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
rotavirus vaccine rubella vaccine tetanus vaccine
Recommendations for certain regions
Japanese encephalitis vaccine tick-borne encephalitis vaccine yellow fever vaccine
Recommendations for some high-risk populations
cholera vaccine
dengue vaccine
hepatitis A vaccine meningococcal meningitis vaccine rabies vaccine
typhoid vaccine
Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
influenza vaccine (seasonal) mumps vaccine
varicella vaccine
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
neostigmine
Injection: 500 micrograms/mL (methylsulfate) in 1 mL ampoule; 2.5 mg/mL (methylsulfate) in 1 mL ampoule.
Tablet: 15 mg (bromide).
suxamethonium
Complementary List
pyridostigmine
Injection: 50 mg/mL (chloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Powder for injection: (chloride), in vial.
Injection: 1 mg in 1 mL ampoule. Tablet: 60 mg (bromide).
vecuronium Therapeutic alternatives: – atracurium
Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial.
21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
21.1 Anti-infective agents
aciclovir azithromycin
Ointment: 3% w/w. Solution (eye drops): 1.5%
− Trachoma
erythromycin
Ointment: 0.5%
− Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
gentamicin Therapeutic alternatives:
– amikacin
– kanamycin – netilmicin
– tobramycin
Solution (eye drops): 0.3% (sulfate).
− Bacterial blepharitis
− Bacterial conjunctivitis
natamycin
Suspension (eye drops): 5% − Fungalkeratitis
ofloxacin Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
Solution (eye drops): 0.3%.
− Bacterial conjunctivitis − Bacterial keratitis
tetracycline Therapeutic alternatives:
– chlortetracycline – oxytetracycline
Eye ointment: 1% (hydrochloride).
− Bacterial blepharitis
− Bacterial conjunctivitis − Bacterial keratitis
− Trachoma
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents
prednisolone
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (sodium phosphate).
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
21.3 Local anaesthetics
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines 21.5 Mydriatics
Complementary List
epinephrine (adrenaline) Solution (eye drops): 2% (as hydrochloride). 21.6 Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations
22. MEDICINES FOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND PERINATAL CARE
tetracaine a Therapeutic alternatives:
– 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (hydrochloride). a Not in preterm neonates.
atropine a Therapeutic alternatives:
– homatropine hydrobromide
– cyclopentolate hydrochloride
Solution (eye drops): 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% (sulfate). a > 3 months.
22.1 Contraceptives
22.2 Ovulation inducers
22.3 Uterotonics
22.4 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)
22.5 Other medicines administered to the mother 22.6 Medicines administered to the neonate
caffeine citrate chlorhexidine
Complementary List
surfactant
23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION
Complementary List
intraperitoneal dialysis solution
Injection: 20 mg/mL (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/mL). Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/mL).
Solution or gel: 7.1% (digluconate) delivering 4% chlorhexidine (for umbilical cord care).
ibuprofen Therapeutic alternatives:
– indometacin
Solution for injection: 5 mg/mL.
prostaglandin E1 Therapeutic alternatives:
– prostaglandin E2
Solution for injection: 0.5 mg/mL in alcohol.
Suspension for intratracheal instillation: 25 mg/mL or 80 mg/mL
Parenteral solution: of appropriate composition
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
24. MEDICINES FOR MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS
24.1 Medicines for psychotic disorders 24.2 Medicines for mood disorders 24.2.1 Medicines for depressive disorders 24.2.2 Medicines for bipolar disorders 24.3 Medicines for anxiety disorders
24.4 Medicines for obsessive compulsive disorders
24.5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use 24.5.1 Medicines for alcohol use disorders
24.5.2 Medicines for nicotine use disorders
24.5.3 Medicines for opioid use disorders
25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
25.1 Antiasthmatic medicines
epinephrine (adrenaline)
Injection: 1 mg/mL (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1 mL ampoule.
budesonide Therapeutic alternatives:
– beclometasone – ciclesonide
– flunisolide
– fluticasone
– mometasone
Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms per dose; 200 micrograms per dose.
salbutamol Therapeutic alternatives: – terbutaline
Injection: 50 micrograms/mL (as sulfate) in 5 mL ampoule. Metered dose inhaler (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per
dose.
Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5 mg/mL (as sulfate).
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID–BASE DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral
oral rehydration salts potassium chloride 26.2 Parenteral
glucose
potassium chloride sodium chloride
See section 17.5.1.
Powder for solution.
Injectable solution: 5% (isotonic); 10% (hypertonic);
50% (hypertonic).
Solution for dilution: 7.5% (equivalent to K+ 1 mmol/mL and Cl-
1 mmol/mL); 15% (equivalent to K+ 2 mmol/mL and Cl- 2 mmol/mL).
Injectable solution: 0.9% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 154 mmol/L, Cl- 154 mmol/L).
glucose with sodium chloride
Injectable solution: 5% glucose, 0.9% sodium chloride (equivalent to Na+ 150 mmol/L and Cl- 150 mmol/L); 5% glucose, 0.45% sodium chloride (equivalent to Na+ 75 mmol/L and Cl- 75 mmol/L).
sodium hydrogen carbonate
Injectable solution: 1.4% isotonic (equivalent to Na+167 mmol/L, HCO3- 167 mmol/L).
Solution: 8.4% in 10 mL ampoule (equivalent to Na+ 1000 mmol/L, HCO3-1000 mmol/L).
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 41
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
sodium lactate, compound solution
26.3 Miscellaneous
water for injection
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS
ascorbic acid
Injectable solution.
2 mL; 5 mL; 10 mL ampoules. Tablet: 50 mg.
colecalciferol Therapeutic alternatives: – ergocalciferol
Oral liquid: 400 IU/mL.
Solid oral dosage form: 400 IU; 1000 IU.
iodine
Capsule: 190 mg.
Iodized oil: 1 mL (480 mg iodine); 0.5 mL (240 mg iodine) in ampoule (oral or injectable); 0.57 mL (308 mg iodine) in dispenser bottle.
multiple micronutrient powder
Sachets containing:
– iron (elemental) 12.5 mg (as coated ferrous fumarate)
– zinc (elemental) 5 mg
– vitamin A 300 micrograms
– with or without other micronutrients at recommended daily values
pyridoxine
riboflavin thiamine
Complementary List
calcium gluconate
28. EAR, NOSE AND THROAT MEDICINES
acetic acid
Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride).
Tablet: 5 mg.
Tablet: 50 mg (hydrochloride).
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. Topical: 2%, in alcohol.
retinol
Capsule: 100 000 IU; 200 000 IU (as palmitate).
Oral oily solution: 100 000 IU/mL (as palmitate) in multidose
dispenser.
Tablet (sugar-coated): 10 000 IU (as palmitate).
Water-miscible injection: 100 000 IU (as palmitate) in 2 mL ampoule.
budesonide
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
Nasal spray: 100 micrograms per dose.
ciprofloxacin Therapeutic alternatives: – ofloxacin
Solution (ear drops): 0.3% (as hydrochloride).
xylometazoline a
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed
Nasal spray: 0.05%.
a Not in children less than 3 months.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
29. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF JOINTS
29.1 Medicines used to treat gout
29.2 Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Complementary List
hydroxychloroquine
methotrexate
29.3 Medicines for juvenile joint diseases
Complementary List
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg (as sulfate). Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium).
acetylsalicylic acid*(acute or chronic use)
Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg.
Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg.
*For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease.
adalimumab* Therapeutic alternatives*:
– etanercept – infliximab
*including quality-assured biosimilars
Injection: 10 mg/0.2 mL; 20 mg/0.4 mL; 40 mg/0.8 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL.
methotrexate
Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium).
triamcinolone hexacetonide Therapeutic alternatives:
– triamcinolone acetonide
Injection: 20 mg/mL in vial.
30. DENTAL MEDICINES AND PREPARATIONS
fluoride
Gel: containing 2500 to 12 500 ppm fluoride (any type). Mouthrinse: containing 230 to 900 ppm fluoride (any type).
Toothpaste: cream or gel: containing 1000 to 1500 ppm fluoride (any type).
Varnish: containing 22 500 ppm fluoride (any type).
glass ionomer cement
Single-use capsules: 0.4 g powder + 0.09 mL liquid Multi-use bottle: powder + liquid
Powder (fluoro-alumino-silicate glass) contains: 25-50% silicate, 20- 40% aluminium oxide, 1-20% fluoride, 15-40% metal oxide, 0-15% phosphate, remainder are polyacrylic acid powder and metals in minimal quantities. Liquid (aqueous) contains: 7-25% polybasic carboxylic acid, 45-60% polyacrylic acid.
resin-based composite (low-viscosity)*
resin-based composite (high-viscosity)* silver diamine fluoride
Single-use applicator or multi-use bottle
*of any type for use as dental sealant
Single-use capsule or multi-use syringe
*of any type for use as dental filling material
Solution: 38% w/v
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
Index
abacavir + lamivudine …………………………………………………. 17 acetic acid………………………………………………………………… 42 acetylcysteine……………………………………………………………… 4 acetylsalicylic acid ……………………………………………………… 43 aciclovir………………………………………………………………. 16, 39 adalimumab…………………………………………………………. 23, 43 albendazole ………………………………………………………………… 6 alcohol based hand rub ………………………………………………. 33 allopurinol…………………………………………………………………. 29 all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) ……………………………………….. 27 amikacin……………………………………………………………….. 8, 15 amitriptyline ………………………………………………………………… 2 amodiaquine……………………………………………………………… 19 amodiaquine – sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine …………………… 20 amoxicillin…………………………………………………………………… 8 amoxicillin + clavulanic acid ……………………………………… 8, 15 amphotericin B …………………………………………………….. 15, 19 ampicillin ……………………………………………………………………. 9 ansuvimab………………………………………………………………… 22 anti-rabies immunoglobulin ………………………………………….. 30 anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies …………………………………. 37 anti-tetanus immunoglobulin ………………………………………… 30 antivenom immunoglobulin ………………………………………….. 37 aprepitant…………………………………………………………………. 35 arsenic trioxide ………………………………………………………….. 23 artemether ……………………………………………………………….. 19 artemether + lumefantrine……………………………………………. 19 artesunate ………………………………………………………………… 19 artesunate + amodiaquine …………………………………………… 20 artesunate + mefloquine ……………………………………………… 20 artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate ………………………. 20 ascorbic acid …………………………………………………………….. 42 asparaginase…………………………………………………………….. 23 atoltivimab + maftivimab + odesivimab …………………………… 22 atropine …………………………………………………………….. 1, 4, 40 azathioprine………………………………………………………………. 23 azithromycin ………………………………………………………… 12, 39 barium sulfate……………………………………………………………. 33 BCG vaccine …………………………………………………………….. 37 bedaquiline ……………………………………………………………….. 15 benzathine benzylpenicillin…………………………………………….. 9 benznidazole …………………………………………………………….. 21 benzoyl peroxide ……………………………………………………….. 32 benzyl benzoate ………………………………………………………… 33 benzylpenicillin ……………………………………………………………. 9 betamethasone …………………………………………………………. 32 bleomycin…………………………………………………………………. 23 budesonide …………………………………………………………. 41, 42 bupivacaine ………………………………………………………………… 1 caffeine citrate…………………………………………………………… 40 calamine…………………………………………………………………… 32 calcipotriol ………………………………………………………………… 32 calcium folinate (leucovorin calcium) ……………………………… 23 calcium gluconate ………………………………………………….. 4, 42 carbamazepine……………………………………………………………. 4 carboplatin ……………………………………………………………….. 24 cefalexin …………………………………………………………………….. 9 cefazolin …………………………………………………………………….. 9 cefixime……………………………………………………………………. 12 cefotaxime………………………………………………………………… 12 ceftazidime ……………………………………………………………….. 13 ceftazidime + avibactam ……………………………………………… 14 ceftolozane + tazobactam ……………………………………………. 14 ceftriaxone ……………………………………………………………….. 12
cefuroxime ……………………………………………………………….. 12 charcoal, activated ………………………………………………………. 4 chloramphenicol ………………………………………………………….. 9 chlorhexidine ……………………………………………………….. 33, 40 chlorine base compound……………………………………………… 33 chloroquine ………………………………………………………………. 20 chloroxylenol …………………………………………………………….. 33 cholera vaccine …………………………………………………………. 38 ciclosporin ………………………………………………………………… 23 ciprofloxacin ………………………………………………………… 13, 42 cisplatin ……………………………………………………………………. 24 clarithromycin ……………………………………………………………. 13 clindamycin ………………………………………………………………. 10 clofazimine ………………………………………………………….. 14, 15 cloxacillin………………………………………………………………….. 10 coagulation factor IX …………………………………………………… 31 coagulation factor VIII …………………………………………………. 31 coal tar …………………………………………………………………….. 32 colecalciferol …………………………………………………………….. 42 colistin ……………………………………………………………………… 14 cryoprecipitate, pathogen-reduced ……………………………….. 30 cyclizine …………………………………………………………………….. 2 cyclophosphamide……………………………………………………… 24 cycloserine ……………………………………………………………….. 15 cytarabine ………………………………………………………………… 24 dacarbazine ……………………………………………………………… 24 daclatasvir………………………………………………………………… 18 daclatasvir + sofosbuvir ………………………………………………. 18 dactinomycin …………………………………………………………….. 24 dapsone …………………………………………………………………… 14 darunavir ………………………………………………………………….. 17 dasatinib…………………………………………………………………… 27 daunorubicin …………………………………………………………….. 24 deferasirox ……………………………………………………………….. 30 deferoxamine…………………………………………………………. 4, 30 delamanid ………………………………………………………………… 15 dengue vaccine …………………………………………………………. 38 desmopressin ……………………………………………………………. 30 dexamethasone ………………………………………………2, 3, 28, 34 dextran 70 ………………………………………………………………… 31 diazepam ……………………………………………………………….. 2, 4 diazoxide ………………………………………………………………….. 36 diethylcarbamazine………………………………………………………. 6 digoxin …………………………………………………………………….. 31 dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate …………………… 20 diloxanide …………………………………………………………………. 19 dimercaprol ………………………………………………………………… 4 diphtheria antitoxin …………………………………………………….. 37 diphtheria vaccine ……………………………………………………… 37 docusate sodium …………………………………………………………. 3 dolutegravir ………………………………………………………………. 17 dopamine …………………………………………………………………. 31 doxorubicin……………………………………………………………….. 25 doxorubicin (as pegylated liposomal) …………………………….. 25 doxycycline …………………………………………………………. 10, 20 eflornithine………………………………………………………………… 21 enalapril …………………………………………………………………… 31 enoxaparin ……………………………………………………………….. 29 entecavir ………………………………………………………………….. 18 epinephrine (adrenaline) …………………………………….. 3, 40, 41 equine rabies immunoglobulin ………………………………………. 37 erythromycin …………………………………………………………….. 39 erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ………………………………….. 29 ethambutol ……………………………………………………………….. 14
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
ethanol …………………………………………………………………….. 33 ethionamide…………………………………………………………. 14, 15 ethosuximide ………………………………………………………………. 5 etoposide …………………………………………………………………. 25 everolimus………………………………………………………………… 27 ferrous salt ……………………………………………………………….. 29 fexinidazole ………………………………………………………………. 21 filgrastim…………………………………………………………………… 28 fluconazole ……………………………………………………………….. 15 flucytosine ………………………………………………………………… 15 fludrocortisone ………………………………………………………….. 35 fluorescein………………………………………………………………… 33 fluoride …………………………………………………………………….. 43 fluorouracil ……………………………………………………………….. 25 folic acid …………………………………………………………………… 29 fomepizole ………………………………………………………………….. 4 fosfomycin ………………………………………………………………… 14 fresh–frozen plasma …………………………………………………… 30 furosemide ………………………………………………………….. 31, 34 gentamicin ………………………………………………………….. 10, 39 glass ionomer cement…………………………………………………. 43 glecaprevir + pibrentasvir…………………………………………….. 18 glucagon ………………………………………………………………….. 36 glucose ……………………………………………………………………. 41 glucose with sodium chloride ……………………………………….. 41 glutaral …………………………………………………………………….. 33 griseofulvin ……………………………………………………………….. 15 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine ………………………….. 37 halothane …………………………………………………………………… 1 heparin sodium ………………………………………………………….. 30 hepatitis A vaccine …………………………………………………….. 38 hepatitis B vaccine …………………………………………………….. 37 human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine ……………………………. 37 hydrochlorothiazide ……………………………………………………. 34 hydrocortisone ……………………………………………..3, 28, 32, 35 hydroxocobalamin ……………………………………………………… 29 hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea)…………………………….. 25, 30 hydroxychloroquine ……………………………………………………. 43 hyoscine hydrobromide…………………………………………………. 3 ibuprofen …………………………………………………………. 2, 22, 40 ifosfamide …………………………………………………………………. 25 imatinib ……………………………………………………………………. 27 influenza vaccine ……………………………………………………….. 38 insulin injection (soluble) ……………………………………………… 36 intermediate-acting insulin …………………………………………… 36 intraperitoneal dialysis solution……………………………………… 40 iodine ………………………………………………………………………. 42 irinotecan …………………………………………………………………. 25 isoflurane……………………………………………………………………. 1 isoniazid …………………………………………………………………… 14 isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin …………………………….. 14 isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim ….. 17 isoniazid + rifampicin ………………………………………………….. 14 isoniazid + rifapentine …………………………………………………. 14 itraconazole………………………………………………………………. 16 ivermectin …………………………………………………………….. 6, 21 Japanese encephalitis vaccine……………………………………… 38 ketamine ……………………………………………………………………. 1 lactulose…………………………………………………………………….. 3 lamivudine ………………………………………………………………… 17 lamivudine + zidovudine ………………………………………………. 17 lamotrigine …………………………………………………………………. 4 levamisole ………………………………………………………………….. 6 levetiracetam…………………………………………………………… 4, 5 levofloxacin ………………………………………………………………. 15 levothyroxine …………………………………………………………….. 36 lidocaine…………………………………………………………………….. 1
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline)………………………………… 1 linezolid ………………………………………………………………. 14, 15 long-acting insulin analogues ……………………………………….. 36 lopinavir + ritonavir …………………………………………………….. 17 loratadine …………………………………………………………………… 3 lorazepam ………………………………………………………………….. 4 Lugol’s solution ………………………………………………………….. 36 mannitol …………………………………………………………………… 34 measles vaccine ………………………………………………………… 37 mebendazole ………………………………………………………………. 6 mefloquine………………………………………………………………… 20 meglumine antimoniate ……………………………………………….. 19 melarsoprol ………………………………………………………………. 21 meningococcal meningitis vaccine ………………………………… 38 mercaptopurine …………………………………………………………. 26 meropenem …………………………………………………………. 13, 15 mesna ……………………………………………………………………… 29 metformin …………………………………………………………………. 36 methadone …………………………………………………………………. 2 methimazole ……………………………………………………………… 36 methotrexate ………………………………………………….. 26, 32, 43 methylprednisolone…………………………………………………….. 28 metoclopramide…………………………………………………………. 34 metronidazole ………………………………………………………. 11, 19 micafungin………………………………………………………………… 16 miconazole ……………………………………………………………….. 32 midazolam …………………………………………………………… 1, 3, 5 miltefosine ………………………………………………………………… 19 morphine ………………………………………………………………… 1, 2 moxifloxacin ……………………………………………………………… 15 multiple micronutrient powder ………………………………………. 42 mumps vaccine …………………………………………………………. 38 mupirocin …………………………………………………………………. 32 naloxone ……………………………………………………………………. 4 natamycin…………………………………………………………………. 39 neostigmine ………………………………………………………………. 39 nevirapine…………………………………………………………………. 17 niclosamide ………………………………………………………………… 6 nifurtimox …………………………………………………………………. 21 nilotinib…………………………………………………………………….. 27 nitrofurantoin …………………………………………………………….. 11 nitrous oxide ……………………………………………………………….. 1 normal immunoglobulin ……………………………………………….. 31 nystatin ……………………………………………………………………. 16 ofloxacin …………………………………………………………………… 39 omeprazole ………………………………………………………………. 34 ondansetron ………………………………………………………….. 3, 34 oral rehydration salts …………………………………………….. 35, 41 oral rehydration salts – zinc sulfate………………………………… 35 oseltamivir ………………………………………………………………… 18 oxaliplatin …………………………………………………………………. 26 oxamniquine ……………………………………………………………….. 6 oxygen ………………………………………………………………………. 1 paclitaxel ………………………………………………………………….. 26 p-aminosalicylate sodium …………………………………………….. 15 pancreatic enzymes……………………………………………………. 34 paracetamol (acetaminophen) ………………………………….. 2, 22 paromomycin ……………………………………………………………. 19 pegaspargase …………………………………………………………… 26 pegfilgrastim ……………………………………………………………… 28 pentamidine………………………………………………………………. 21 permethrin………………………………………………………………… 33 pertussis vaccine ……………………………………………………….. 37 phenobarbital ……………………………………………………………… 5 phenoxymethylpenicillin ………………………………………………. 11 phenytoin …………………………………………………………………… 5 phytomenadione ………………………………………………………… 29
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023)
piperacillin + tazobactam …………………………………………….. 13 platelets …………………………………………………………………… 30 pneumococcal vaccine ……………………………………………….. 37 podophyllum resin ……………………………………………………… 32 poliomyelitis vaccine …………………………………………………… 37 polymyxin B ………………………………………………………………. 14 potassium chloride …………………………………………………….. 41 potassium iodide ………………………………………………….. 16, 36 potassium permanganate ……………………………………………. 32 povidone iodine …………………………………………………………. 33 praziquantel………………………………………………………………… 6 prednisolone…………………………………………………….. 3, 28, 39 primaquine ……………………………………………………………….. 20 procaine benzylpenicillin ……………………………………………… 11 procarbazine …………………………………………………………….. 26 proguanil ………………………………………………………………….. 20 propofol ……………………………………………………………………… 1 propranolol ……………………………………………………………….. 22 propylthiouracil ………………………………………………………….. 36 prostaglandin E1 ……………………………………………………….. 40 protamine sulfate ……………………………………………………….. 30 pyrantel ……………………………………………………………………… 6 pyrazinamide …………………………………………………………….. 14 pyridostigmine …………………………………………………………… 39 pyridoxine…………………………………………………………………. 42 pyrimethamine…………………………………………………………… 21 quinine …………………………………………………………………….. 20 rabies vaccine …………………………………………………………… 38 raltegravir …………………………………………………………………. 17 ranitidine ………………………………………………………………….. 34 rasburicase ………………………………………………………………. 29 ready-to-use therapeutic food ………………………………………. 29 realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation ……………………………….. 26 red blood cells …………………………………………………………… 30 resin-based composite (high-viscosity)…………………………… 43 resin-based composite (low-viscosity) ……………………………. 43 retinol ………………………………………………………………………. 42 ribavirin ……………………………………………………………………. 18 riboflavin…………………………………………………………………… 42 rifampicin …………………………………………………………………. 14 rifapentine ………………………………………………………………… 14 ritonavir ……………………………………………………………………. 17 rituximab ………………………………………………………………….. 27 rotavirus vaccine ……………………………………………………….. 38 rubella vaccine ………………………………………………………….. 38 salbutamol………………………………………………………………… 41 salicylic acid ……………………………………………………………… 32 selenium sulfide …………………………………………………………. 32 senna ………………………………………………………………………… 3 sevoflurane…………………………………………………………………. 1
silver diamine fluoride …………………………………………………. 43 silver sulfadiazine……………………………………………………….. 32 sodium calcium edetate ………………………………………………… 4 sodium chloride …………………………………………………………. 41 sodium hydrogen carbonate ………………………………………… 41 sodium lactate, compound solution ……………………………….. 42 sodium stibogluconate ………………………………………………… 19 sofosbuvir…………………………………………………………………. 18 sofosbuvir + velpatasvir ………………………………………………. 18 spironolactone …………………………………………………………… 34 streptomycin……………………………………………………………… 15 succimer ……………………………………………………………………. 4 sulfadiazine ………………………………………………………………. 21 sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine…………………………………… 20, 21 sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim……………………………… 11, 21 suramin sodium …………………………………………………………. 21 surfactant …………………………………………………………………. 40 suxamethonium …………………………………………………………. 39 tacrolimus ………………………………………………………………… 23 terbinafine ………………………………………………………………… 32 tetanus vaccine …………………………………………………………. 38 tetracaine …………………………………………………………………. 40 tetracycline……………………………………………………………….. 39 thiamine …………………………………………………………………… 42 tick-borne encephalitis vaccine …………………………………….. 38 tioguanine ………………………………………………………………… 26 triamcinolone hexacetonide …………………………………………. 43 triclabendazole ……………………………………………………………. 6 trimethoprim ……………………………………………………………… 11 tropicamide ………………………………………………………………. 33 tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)…………………….. 37 typhoid vaccine …………………………………………………………. 38 urea ………………………………………………………………………… 32 valganciclovir…………………………………………………………….. 18 valproic acid (sodium valproate) …………………………………….. 5 vancomycin ………………………………………………………………. 13 varicella vaccine ………………………………………………………… 38 vecuronium ………………………………………………………………. 39 vinblastine ………………………………………………………………… 26 vincristine …………………………………………………………………. 27 vinorelbine ………………………………………………………………… 27 voriconazole ……………………………………………………………… 16 warfarin ……………………………………………………………………. 30 water for injection ………………………………………………………. 42 whole blood ………………………………………………………………. 30 xylometazoline …………………………………………………………… 42 yellow fever vaccine……………………………………………………. 38 zidovudine ………………………………………………………………… 17 zinc sulfate ……………………………………………………………….. 35
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deemagclinic
deemag and chest clinic 