A systematic compilation of rating scales developed, translated, and adapted in India

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A systematic compilation of rating scales developed, translated, and adapted in India

Sandeep Grover, Raj Laxmi

Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

REVIEW ARTICLE

ABSTRACT

Background: There is a lack of comprehensive data sources on various rating instruments that have been developed, translated, and adapted in Indian context.

Aim: Accordinly, this review aimed to compile the available scales/questionnaires/instruments developed, adapted, and translated for use in India.

Methods: For this, the search engines like PUBMED, Google Scholar, MedKnow, and Science Direct were searched for scales that have been developed, translated, and adapted in Indian context or an Indian language. Only articles reporting a scale/questionnaire development/interview schedules from India or in an Indian language were included. Results: Available data suggests that most of the instruments that have been translated in the Indian context have been done so in Hindi language. Very few instruments are available in other languages. The scales/instruments that are available in multiple languages include Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Edinburgh postnatal depression, Epworth sleepiness scale to evaluate daytime sleepiness, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Recovery quality of life, World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref version, Subjective happiness scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI), COVID-19 stigma scale, Dyadic adjustment scale, Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and Rosenzweig picture frustration study (Children’s form). Overall, very few instruments have been developed in India. Conclusion: To conclude, our review suggests that a limited number of scales have been developed in India and in terms of translation and adaptation, most of these have been done in Hindi only. Keeping these points in mind, there is a need to develop more psychometrically sound scales for research and routine clinical practice. Additionally, efforts must be made to translate and adapt scales available in different languages and subject the same to psychometric evaluations.

Key words: Adaptation, interviews, rating scales, translation

Address for correspondence: Dr. Sandeep Grover, Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. E‐mail: drsandeepg2002@gmail.com

Submitted: 24‐May‐2024, Revised: 01‐Sep‐2024, Accepted: 02‐Sep‐2024, Published: 19‐Sep‐2024

INTRODUCTION

Rating scales/questionnaires/interview schedules are one of the most essential building blocks of quantitative studies in mental health. Accordingly, designing rating scales/

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How to cite this article: Grover S, Laxmi R. A systematic compilation of rating scales developed, translated, and adapted in India. Indian J Psychiatry 2024;66:767-87.

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questionnaires/interview schedules has been a major endeavor in mental health research. However, it is essential to understand that scales/questionnaires/interview schedules developed in one culture and language cannot be directly used in another culture. For example, a scale developed in English in a Western country may not apply to participants in India, although they can understand the English language. This is because of differences in understanding certain words across different cultures and countries. Hence, if a clinician or researcher decides to use the scale in the same language as the one developed in a different culture, this may require some adaptation to suit its usability. For scales/ questionnaires/interview schedules to be administered in another language, these instruments require translation and adaptation before these can be used in another country/ culture.[1] The rating scales/questionnaires/interview schedules are also integral to assessing and managing patients in routine clinical care and decision-making.[2–4]

Considering the importance of rating scales/questionnaires/ interview schedules in research and clinical care, many attempts have been made in India to design, adapt, translate, and validate rating scales/questionnaires/interview schedules assessing various aspects of mental health. However, often, it becomes difficult for clinicians and researchers to know about different available instruments that have been designed, adapted, translated, and validated in the Indian context as collated information is not available in one place. There are some of the previous attempts to compile this kind of information in the form of books.[5–9] In a previous attempt, under the aegis of the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS), the publication committee compiled a book in 2010 of scales available for use in India, considering their availability in an Indian language (s) or these being validated in India.[9] In another article published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry (IJP) in 2010, the authors highlighted the contribution of IJP to the publication of information on the validation of different scales.[10] The authors reported that up to 2009, IJP published 105 articles on assessing psychometric properties of different scales, with 35 of the articles focusing on diagnostic issues.[10] However, in the past 15 years, many more scales have been developed, translated, and adapted in India. Hence, there is a need to have updated information on various available instruments. Accordingly, this paper aims to review available scales/questionnaires/instruments developed, adapted, and translated for use in India.

METHODOLOGY

For this review, a combination of search terms (rating scales, questionnaires, instruments [Mesh]) AND (“India*”[Mesh] OR “Hindi” and other Indian languages (name of each language was specified) AND (“translat*, adapt*, validat*, factor analysis) were searched on various search engines using different key word combinations in the search engines like PUBMED, Google Scholar, MedKnow, and Science Direct. All the published

768

studies till April 2024 were included. All the retrieved articles were also searched manually to identify additional articles reporting the development, translation, or adaptation of rating scales in India, and additional articles were also included. RL and SG searched the literature independently; the results were compiled, and duplicates were deleted.

Selection of studies

Only articles reporting a scale/questionnaire development/ interview schedules from India were included. If the scale translation was available at the original source (i.e., information provided by the developer of the scale), although not validated in a specific Indian language, this information was included. If the scales were developed in one of the Indian languages outside India for its application in the immigrant Indian population and validated in that population, then the scale was included. We also included information about scales translated into Bangla by researchers in Bangladesh as the same script is applicable in different parts of Bengal. However, we did not include some of the self-designed scales that were designed to assess the clinical details of the study groups. We also excluded information about the scales that have been translated into Indian languages but that are not applicable to mental health.

Data extraction and management

The data extraction involved extraction of the name of the scale, the domain assessed by the scale, and information about the psychometric properties. The second author extracted the data, and the first author checked the fidelity of the information.

We followed the PRISMA guidelines for selection of studies. The initial search yielded 1567 articles on various search engines and manual cross-reference searches. All these articles were reviewed for appropriateness for the review, and finally, 322 articles were found to be relevant to the topic and were included in the final review [Figure 1].

RESULTS

For this review, we divided the information into different sections, that is, General screening and diagnostic scales and questionnaires, Scales for Assessment of Clinical Constructs, Scales for Assessment of Psychosocial Constructs, Scales for Assessment of Psychosocial Issues among the Caregivers, Scales for Assessment of Children and Adolescents, and Scales for Neuropsychological Assessment. These can be considered as arbitrary divisions for the purpose of this review. In the subsequent section of the paper, we refer to all the instruments as scales for the ease of writing and use the above categorization.

General screening and diagnostic scales and questionnaires:

As shown in Table 1, nine scales have been developed in India, and an additional eight scales have been translated,

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

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Figure 1: Flowchart for selecting studies

mainly into the Hindi language. Regarding psychometric properties, internal consistency has been evaluated for some of these scales.

Diagnostic Interview Schedules: Only a few diagnostic instruments have been translated into different Indian languages, and these include Hindi Present State examination,[11] Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI),[12] and Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)[14] [Table 1]. The MINI was translated into multiple Indian languages as part of the National Mental Health Survey,[12] but these are not available free of cost. One diagnostic instrument, the Diagnostic Tool for Telepsychiatry, was developed in English in India and is compatible with the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) classification.[13]

General screening instruments: Many screening instruments for the evaluation of psychiatric morbidity have been translated and developed in India [Table 1].[11-136] Among the various scales, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) has been translated into Hindi, Punjabi, Gujarati, Bangla, and Tamil.[16–21] One study used GHQ in the elderly from seven states but did not specifically mention whether the scale was translated for this use. This study reported a two-factor structure for GHQ in the Indian context.[21]

Scales for Assessment of Dementia: The Hindi mental status examination (HMSE) is an adaptation and translation of the well-known mini-mental status examination (MMSE), which

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has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity in detecting dementia.[39] One study also translated the MMSE into Hindi and evaluated its psychometric properties.[43] MMSE has also been translated and adapted in Bangla, Gujarati, and Bharmouri.[40,44,45] Everyday Abilities Scale for India (EASI) has been developed to screen for dementia among the rural illiterate elderly in the Indian setting.[41] Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS) has been translated into Hindi (H-MDRS), which can be used to rate the severity of dementia[42] [Table 1]. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment has been translated into multiple languages.[46]

Scales for Assessment of Depression: The Amritsar Depression Inventory is the only depression scale developed in India.[58] Many other depression scales (such as the Beck Depression Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale, Edinburgh postnatal Depression, Calgary Depression Rating Scale, Depression Happiness Scale, the Indian version of Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9), and Depression, anxiety, and stress scale) have been translated and adapted in the Indian context, mainly in Hindi [Table 1].[15,25,31,48-64] A shorter version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D-10) has been translated into Malayalam.[59] Among all these scales, PHQ-9 has been translated into a maximum number of languages[31] [Table 1].

Scales for Assessment of Anxiety: Two scales, that is, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Pregnancy-related

Identification

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

Target: Evaluation of all the studies that have focused on development, translation, adaptation, validation of various rating scales/questionnaires, diagnostic interviews Electronic Database Search: PubMed, Google scholar, MedKnow, Science Direct, Manual search by cross- referencing Keywords: Rating scales, questionnaires, instruments [Mesh]] AND [“India*”[Mesh] OR “Hindi” and other Indian languages [name of each language was specified] AND [“translat*, adapt*, validat*, factor analysis

Duration of search: All studies published till early April 2024

Eligibility Screening &

Results after removing duplicates [n = 1567]

Excluded [n = 1245], Causes: Not relevant to the research question [n = 991], described self-designed clinical profile sheets [254]

Titles/ abstracts screened [n = 1567]

Studies describing development, adaptation, translation, validation of a scale [n = 322]

Included

General screening & diagnostic scales Scales for Assessment of clinical constructs Scales for Assessment of Psychosocial constructs

Scales for Assessment of Psychosocial issues among the caregivers

Scales for Assessment of Children & Adolescents Scales for Neuropsychological Assessment

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Table 1: Diagnostic and Screening Questionnaire: Generic and Disorder-specific

Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

Diagnostic tools

1. Hindi Present State examination [T]

2. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview [MINI] [T] 3. Diagnostic tool for telepsychiatry [D]

4. Composite International Diagnostic Interview [CIDI] [T]

General Screening

1. PGI-General Well Being Measure [D]

2. General health questionnaire-12 [T]

3. Global Mental health Assessment Tool-H [T]

4. Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale [WEMWBS]-H [T]

5. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders-PHQ [PRIME-MD PHQ] [T]

6. Hindi version of Middlesex Health Questionnaire [MHQ] [T]

7. DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure [T]

8. PROD- screen [Screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis] [T]

9. NIMHANS screening tool for psychological problems [D]

10. Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire [D]

11. Brief patient health questionnaire [BPHQ] [T]

12. Simple Self- Reporting Questionnaire [D]

13. CMI [Cornell medical index] health questionnaire [A+T]

14. WHO-5 Well-being index [T]

15. Clinical schedules for primary care Psychiatry [CSP] [D]

16. Modified mental health measurement tool [D]

17. Stressometer [SOM] [D]

Dementia

1. Hindi Mental State Exam [HMSE] [T, A]

2. Bharmouri Mental State Exam [BMSE] [T] 3. Everyday Abilities scale of India [EASI] [D]

4. Hindi Mattis dementia rating scale [HMDRS] [T] 5. Hindi Version of MMSE [T]

6. Gujarati Version of MMSE [A+T] 7. Bangla Version of MMSE [A+T] 8. MoCA [A+T]

Depression

Reference

Language in which evaluation for psychometric property Number

Psychometric properties

K: 0.60

K: 0.43-0.64

Specificity: 95.4% Positive predictive value: 96.6% and 97.4% for DSM-III-R and ICD-10 diagnosis Sensitivity rates: 59.2% and 77.5% for DSM-III-R and ICD-10 diagnosis

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[11] [12] [13] [14]

[15] [16–21]

[22,23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27] [28] [29] [30] [31]

[32]

[33] [34,35]

[36]

[37] [38]

[39] [40] [41]

[42] [43]

[44]

[45] [46,47]

H, Ka, G, Ta, P, My, B E

E, H

Test-retest reliability: 0.86 Inter-rater reliability=0.86

H, E, Ta, B, G, M, P

α of H: 0.93

α of Ta: 0.86 KMO=0.93

Factor 1 and Factor 2 explains 59% of variance

K: 0.96

H, M

Sensitivity: 94%, Specificity: 100% α: 0.92

Test-retest reliability: 0.995

H Reliability=0.363

E, H, Ka

H, As, B, G, Ka, My, M, O, P, Ta, Tel, U

E, H, M

E, H

B, G

E, Ka

E, Ka E

Split half reliability by spearman brown formula 0.70

α: 0.95

α: 0.85

α: 0.84

Satisfactory reliability and validity K: 0.52-0.92

Test-retest reliability: 0.96

N/A

α: 0.754

Test-retest reliability: 0.713

K: 0.57

Sensitivity: 91.1% Specificity: 68.3% NA

α: 0.935

Sensitivity: 94% Specificity: 98% Bh NA

α: 0.82

Perfect inter- and intra-rater reliability

Test-retest reliability [intraclass correlation] =0.82 [any disability] and 0.92 [unable to perform for ‘mental’ reasons]

α: 0.78

Test-retest reliability: 0.76

α: 0.74

Test-retest reliability: 0.73 Subscale validity varies from 0.84-0.624 GNA BNA

H, B, Tel, Ka, My α for H: 0.812‐0.873 Sensitivity [95%–99%] Specificity [72%–92%]

Contd…

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Table 1: Contd…

Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted] Reference

Language in which evaluation for psychometric property Number

Psychometric properties

α: 0.862 K: 0.86 K: 0.76 K: 0.45 K: 0.73 K: 0.59 K: 0.42 K: 0.63

α : 0.86

α : 0.855

α : 0.92

α : 0.69‐0.89

α : 0.877 K: 0.58

α : 0.83 [Dep=0.83, Anx: 0.85 St: 0.80]

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Beck depression inventory [T] [48,49] 2.

Geriatric depression scale-30 [T] [50–52] Geriatric depression scale-15 [T] [50,51,53,54] Geriatric depression scale-10 [T] [50,51] Geriatric depression scale-05 [T] [50,51] Geriatric depression scale-04 [T] [50,51] Geriatric depression scale-01 [T] [50,51] 3.

EURO-D [European union initiative to compare symptoms of [55] depression in 14 European centres] [A+T]

Edinburgh postnatal depression [T] [25]

Calgary depression rating scale [T] [56,57] 6.

Amritsar depression inventory [D] [58] Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale [CES-D-10] [59]

Malayalam shorter version [T]

Depression Happiness Scale [T] [60]

Indian version of Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for [61]

Epilepsy [NDDI-E] [T]

Patient health questionnaire [PHQ-9] [T] [25,31] 10.

11.

Depression, anxiety and stress scale [DASS] [T] [62,63] 12.

Anxiety depression stress scale [ADSS] [D] [64] Anxiety and related disorders

1. State Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] [T] [65]

2. Bengali anxiety rating scale [D] [66]

3. Pregnancy-related anxiety scale [PRAS] [T] [67]

4. COVID 19 anxiety scale [CAS] [T] [68,69]

5. Anxiety related to COVID-19 [online survey questionnaire] [D] [70]

6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 [PTSD [71,72] checklist-5] [T]

7. Screening for Somatoform Disorders Instrument [T] [73]

1. Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-Revised [BAVQ-R] [T] [74]

2. Screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis [PROD-screen] [T] [28]

3. Insight in psychosis [T] [75]

Sleep

1. Insomnia severity Index [T] [76] 2. Cambridge Hopkins RLS diagnostic questionnaire [T] [77]

3. International RLS severity rating scale [T] [78] 4. RLS related QoL [T] [79] 5. Berlins Questionnaire [T] [80] 6. Epworth sleepiness scale to evaluate daytime sleepiness [T] [81–83] 7. Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep [T] [84] 8. Modified RLS Diagnostic Questionnaire [mRLSDQ] [D] [85] 9. Knowledge and attitude regarding RLS [K-RLS] [D] [86] 10. Hindi version of Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire [PSQ] [T] [87] 11. Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire [CSHQ] [T] [88] 12. Composite scale of morningness [T] [89,90]

Eating

1. Eating Assessment Tool-10 [EAT-10H] [T] [91] 2. Eating disorder Diagnostic Scale [EDDS] [T] [92]

H, B

H, B, Ta H

E, Ka

H, O, M H

E, H My

H H

H, B, As, G, Ka, My, Ma, O, P, Ta, Tel, U

H, Ta

E, H

α for State Anx: 0.816

α for Trait Anx: 0.677

α: 0.935

α: 0.725

B, M

α: 0.872 Test-retest reliability: 0.764 E-

H, E, B

α: 0.88

H, E H

H H

Ta, B, H H

E, H

H, B

H H

α: 0.6‐0.94

α: 0.85

α: 0.866 Test-retest reliability: 0.841

α: 0.91

86.7% specificity and 72.2% sensitivity

α: 0.86

α: 0.85

α: 0.86

α: 0.81

α: 0.90

Validity: 0.83

α: 0.89

α: 0.80

α: 0.77

α: 0.88

Test-retest reliability: 0.92 Factor 1 [items 1,2,7,9,10,11] explained 18.4% variance Factor 2 [items 3,4,5,12] explained 17% variance

α: 0.86

α: 0.898 Test-retest reliability: 0.884 KMO=0.859

Contd…

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Table 1: Contd…

Reference

Language in which evaluation for psychometric property Number

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Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

3. Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire [Indian adaptation] [A+T]

4. Eating attitudes test-26 [Hindi version] [A+T]

Suicide

1. Suicide Cognition Scale [SCS] [T]

2. Hindi-Suicide Crisis Inventory-2 [SCI-2] [T]

3. Suicidal Narrative Inventory [SNI] [A+T]

4. Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale [C-SSRS] [T]

5. Scale for assessment of lethality of suicide attempt [SALSA] [D] 6. Brief Suicide Cognitions Scale [A+T]

7. Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation [T]

Sexual dysfunction and related issues

Sex knowledge and attitude questionnaire [SKAQ] [D]

Arizona Sexual Evaluation Questionnaire [ASEX]-Hindi version [T]

Sexual Functioning Questionnaire

Female sexual functioning scale [FSFI] [T]

Dhat syndrome interview schedule [D]

Dhat Syndrome Questionnaire [DSQ] [D]

Scale for Assessment of Female Dhat syndrome [SAFED] [D] 7.

Diagnostic and assessment instrument for Dhat syndrome [D] 8.

New Sexual Satisfaction Scale-short form [NSSS] [T]

Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire-Male [SQoL-M] [T] 10.

Index of Premature Ejaculation [IPE] [T]

11.

12.

International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF] [T]

Scale for knowledge and attitude towards condom [D]

13.

Perceived sexual distress scale [PSDS] [A+T]

14.

Addiction

1. Screening Questionnaire for Detection of Alcohol Dependence [D] 2. Teen Addiction severity scale [T-ASI] [T]

3. CAGE-AID Questionnaire [CAGE-Adapted to Include Drugs] [T] 4. Family CAGE-AID questionnaires [D]

5. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test [AUDIT] [T]

6. Penn Alcohol Craving Scale [T]

7. Hindi version Yale Food Addiction Scale [YFAS] [T]

8. Drug Abuse Screen Test [DAST-10] [A+T]

Personality

1. PGI health questionnaire N- 1 [D]

2. Hindi version of Eysenck personality inventory [T]

3. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory [MMPI-2 RF] [T]

4. Short-form revised Eysenck personality questionnaire-H [T]

5. MMPI-D [A+D]

6. 16 PF questionnaire [T]

[93]

[94]

[95,96] [97]

[98] [99,100]

[101] [102]

[102]

[103] [104]

[105] [106] [107] [108,109] [110] [111] [104] [112] [112] [112] [113] [114]

[115] [116]

[117] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121]

[122,123] [124]

[125] [124]

[126] [127]

H, B H

As, B, E, G, H, Ka, My, Mr, O, P, Ta, Tel, U

H H, E

H, E H

H H, E H, E H, E H, E H

E, H

H H

H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E E

Psychometric properties

K for Girls: 0.28 to 0.74 K for Boys: 0.25-0.58

α: 0.91

Good reliability and validity

α: 0.916

α: 0.8‐0.9

KMO=0.98

1 factor and 5 factor model

5 factor model has superior model fit α: 0.67‐0.92

α: 0.94

α: 0.84 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin [KMO] measure 0.84 Correlation of 6 items ranged=0.43-0.75 α: 0.83

Test-retest reliability: 0.433-0.665 α: 0.788

α: 0.852

N/A

α: 0.29‐0.75

N/A

α: 0.976

N/A

High degree of reliability α: 0.965 Test-retest reliability: 0.647

α: 0.80

α: 0.727 Content validity 0.97 α: 0.78

α: 0.67

α: 0.94

N/A

α: 0.897

N/A

α: 0.86

Test-retest reliability: 0.88

r value extraversion 0.766, neuroticism 0.722, psychoticism 0.238 and lie subscale 0.624

α: 0.70

Reliability of the extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and lie score subscales are 0.766; 0.772; 0.238; 0.624, respectively My NA

Contd…

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Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

Table 1: Contd…

Reference

Language in which evaluation for psychometric property Number

Psychometric properties

Test-retest reliabilities Psychoticism=0.67, Extraversion=0.88, Neuroticism=0.68 α: 0.91‐0.96

Test-retest for Neuroticism=0.83 Test-retest for Lie=0.76 Validity: 0.59-0.92 K: 0.81-0.91

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8. 9. 10.

11.

PEN Inventory [T]

Personality Trait Inventory [T]

Multiphasic personality questionnaire [A+T]

PGI health questionnaire N-2 [D]

International personality disorder examination [T]

[128,129]

[130] [131] [132]

[133]

H, E H, E H

D: Developed, T: Translated, A: Adapted, E: English, H: Hindi, P: Punjabi, Ka: Kannada, B: Bengali/Bangla, O: Oriya, My: Malayalam, G: Gujarati, M: Marathi, Ta: Tamil, Tel: Telugu; Bh: Bharmouri; U: Urdu; As: Assamese; Mr: Marwari. Dep: Depression; Anx: Anxiety; St: Stress; NHMS: National Mental Health Survey. K: Cohen’s Kappa; α: Alpha Value; KMO: Kaiser‐Meyer‐Olkin (KMO) test Value

anxiety scale, have been translated into Hindi and found to have good internal consistency in the Indian population.[65,67] Besides these, as mentioned earlier, Depression, anxiety, and stress scales have also been translated into Hindi.[62] Other scales that have been translated into Hindi include Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PTSD checklist-5) and Screening for Somatoform Disorders Instrument.[71–73]

Scales for Assessment of Psychosis: Only Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-Revised (BAVQ-R), Screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis and Insight in psychosis has been translated to Hindi.[28,74,75]

Scales for Assessment of Sleep‐Related Issues: Validation for scales for evaluation of various aspects related to sleep has received attention in recent years, and authors have validated Hindi-translated versions of the Insomnia Severity Index, Cambridge Hopkins restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) diagnostic questionnaire, International RLS severity rating scale, RLS-related QoL scale, and Berlin Questionnaire for screening for obstructive sleep apnea, Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep scale, Modified RLS Diagnostic Questionnaire (mRLSDQ), Knowledge and attitude regarding RLS (K-RLS), Hindi version of Paediatrics Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and composite scale for morningness [Table 1].[76-90]

Scales for Evaluation of Eating Disorder: Various scales have been translated into Hindi for the assessment of eating disorders, including Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10H), Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS), and Eating Attitudes test-26 (Hindi version).[91,92,94] The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (Indian adaptation) scale has not been translated into an Indian language, but this has been adapted to suit the Indian sociocultural setting for the assessment of eating disorders.[93]

Scales for Assessment of Suicidal Behavior: Very few scales assessing suicidal behavior have been translated and adapted

Indian Journal of Psychiatry Volume 66, Issue 9, September 2024

to Indian languages. The Suicide cognition scale (SCS) and suicide crisis inventory have been translated into Hindi.[95,97] Suicide Narrative Inventory has been translated into Hindi and adapted to Indian settings.[98] The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is available in multiple Indian languages by the original authors, although these have not been validated.[99,100] Brief Suicide cognitions scale and Beck Scale for suicide ideation have been translated into Bangla.[96,102]

ScalesforAssessmentofSexualDysfunctionandRelated Issues: The assessment of sex-related issues has received some attention, and six scales have been developed in India [Table 1]. Among the various scales developed in India, most of them focus on Dhat syndrome. One of the Dhat syndrome scales has been translated into ten languages, although these have not been evaluated for psychometric properties.[108] The scales that have been translated into Hindi include the Arizona Sexual Evaluation Questionnaire (ASEX), the Female sexual functioning scale (FSFI), the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale-short Form (NSSS), Self-esteem and Relationship Questionnaire (SEAR), Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire-Male (SQoL-M), Index of Premature Ejaculation (IPE), and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)[104,106,112] [Table 1].

Scales for Assessment of Addiction‐related Issues: The development, translation, and adaptation of scales in addiction have also received some importance.[115-121] Some of the scales developed explicitly in India include the Screening Questionnaire for Detection of Alcohol Dependence and Family CAGE-AID questionnaires.[115,117]

Scales for Assessment of Personality: Eight different instruments have been translated into Hindi for the personality assessment, and two scales have been developed for the personality assessment [Table 1].

Scales for Assessment of Clinical Constructs

Different scales have been developed and translated into Hindi to assess the constructs such as well-being,

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fatigue, resilience, emotion and empathy, disability and dysfunction, and quality of life [Table 2].[5,24,30,41,52,73,129,137-234] Additionally, scales have also been translated and assessed for psychometric properties for assessment of concepts such as happiness, stress, alexithymia, hypochondriasis, somatosensory amplification, social connectedness, scales related to body appearance, locus of control, meaning of life, self-esteem, family accommodation, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), locus of control, and stressful life-event scale [Table 2].

Scales for Assessment of Psychosocial Constructs

For long, many researchers from India have evaluated

the various psychosocial issues pertinent to patients

with various mental disorders. In this endeavor, they

have translated and adapted different instruments to

assess social support, stigma, loneliness, recovery,

religiosity and spirituality, coping, and marital functioning [Table 3].[24,104,112,137,235-268]

Scales for Assessment of Psychosocial Issues among the Caregivers

Caregiver research has been the focus of a large body of mental health research. Many instruments have been developed and validated in this area, considering the cultural issues. The various instruments developed in this area primarily focus on caregiver burden and caregiving experience. Some of the instruments focusing on other aspects of caregiving have also been adapted and translated [Table 3]. One caregiver’s coping scale has also been translated [Table 3].[269-276]

Scales for Assessment of Children and Adolescents

In line with international research, many scales have been developed and translated to screen children and adolescents for psychopathology, life events, temperament, parenting, aptitude, strength and difficulties, and so on [Table 4].[277-312]

Scales for Neuropsychological Assessment

Different neuropsychological batteries have been developed in India to assess neurocognitive functioning. Some of the popular batteries include the PGI battery for brain dysfunctions, the AIIMS Comprehensive Neuropsychological Battery in Hindi, and the NIMHANS neuropsychology battery. Similarly, many tests have been validated for the assessment of intelligence. In recent times, researchers have also developed instruments to assess various aspects of social cognition. Tests have also been validated for memory assessment, and six project tests have also been validated in the Indian context [Table 5].[42,313-331]

774

Scales which have been referred to in various articles to be translated/adapted in India

Besides the scales referred to above, many scales have been

reported to be translated into different Indian languages, but their

psychometric properties have not been reported [Supplement Table 1].[40,60,106,107,110-112,119,121,127,226,301-310,320,325,327,332]

DISCUSSION

The review aimed to collate information about various rating scales that have been translated and adapted into the Indian languages and the scales developed in India. Compared to the previous attempts to collate the information on this topic, this review attempted to systematically compile the information about various scales covering multiple aspects. Accordingly, it can be said that the present comprehensive review provides an updated and comprehensive information on various scales developed, adapted, and translated in Indian languages.

This review shows that only a few rating scales have been developed and validated in India. When the information is limited to validation of the translated version, again, a limited number of scales have been subjected to the same. The maximum number of translations has been done in Hindi only, and only a very few scales have been translated into more than one language. When one looks at the validation studies, very few studies have done cross-language validation of the scales, that is, have administered the same scale in two different languages and looked at the correlation in the findings in both languages. Similarly, a limited number of studies have evaluated the psychometric properties beyond internal consistency, split-half reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.

Considering the lower number of validated scales available in India, there is a need to improve research in this area. This may involve some minimalistic things, and some may involve more intensive efforts. Although not the ideal way to do it, whenever any researchers use a particular new scale in the Indian setting, without translation, they should at least evaluate the internal consistency and split-half reliability statistics for the scale in their study sample. This will at least provide some information about the scale’s psychometric properties in the Indian context. In terms of more intensive efforts, initiatives must be taken at the level of professional bodies and researchers. In terms of professional bodies, associations, such as the IPS, should liaise with other professional associations that have copyrights for some of the scales to get permission to translate, adapt, and validate such scales. The scales made available should be translated under the aegis of the association to maintain uniformity of the whole translation and adaptation process. The IPS should also encourage young researchers to develop, translate, and adapt different

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

Indian Journal of Psychiatry Volume 66, Issue 9, September 2024

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

Table 2: Scales for assessment of other clinical constructs psychiatric disorders

Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

Well-being

1. Global Mental health Assessment Tool-H [T]

2. Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale [WEMWBS]-H [T]

3. Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire [D]

4. Psychological wellbeing questionnaire [PWQ] [D]

Fatigue

1. Fatigue Severity Scale [T]

2. Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 [MFI-20] [T]

3. Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS] [T]

Resilience

1. Resilience scale-14 [T]

2. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-17 [CD-RISC-17] [T]

3. Child and Youth Resilience Measure – 28 [CYRM-28] [T]

4. Brief 35-Item ARQ [Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire] [T] Emotion and empathy

1. Indian Empathy accuracy task [I-EAT] [T]

2. Behavioural emotion regulation questionnaire [T]

3. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [DERS] [T]

4. Social and Emotional Learning and Orientation Scale [SELOS] [D]

5. Indian Spontaneous Expression Database for Emotion Recognition [D] 6. Emotional contagion scale [A]

7. Jefferson scale for empathy [A]

Disability and dysfunction

1. Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale [IDEAS] [D]

2. Dysfunctional analysis questionnaire [DAQ] [D]

3. NIMHANS Index of Specific Learning Disabilities [D]

4. WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 [WHODAS 2.0] [T]

5. Schedule for assessment of Psychiatric Disability [D]

Quality of life

1. World Health organisation quality of life [WHOQOL-Hindi] [T] 2. Quality of life scale [A]

3. Recovering Quality of life [ReQOL] [T]

4. WHOQOL-BREF [T]

5. WHOQOL-SRPB [World Health Organization’s Quality of

Life – Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs Scale [WHOQOL SRPB] [T]

6. EuroQol five‐dimensions‐3 level [EQD5] quality of life instrument [T] 7. Short form survey-12 [SF-12] [T]

Others

1. Subjective Happiness scale [T]

2. Supplementary assessment of need scale [SNAS] [D]

3. Camberwell assessment of need-research version [CAN-R] [A]

4. Pemberton Happiness Index [PHI] [T]

5. Smartphone use scale [SUS] [D]

6. COMPAS-W [CWS] [T]

7. Oxford Happiness Questionnaire [OHQ] [T]

8. Patient satisfaction questionnaire-H [short form] [T]

9. Knowledge, experience and attitudes concerning ECT among patients and their relatives [D]

10. Multidimensional Iowa suggestibility scale [MISS] [A]

11. Body image concern inventory [D]

12. Flourishing scale [A]

Reference

Language in which evaluation for Number

psychometric property

Cohan’s Kappa

K: 0.96

sensitivity 0.94 and specificity 1.0 α: 0.92

Test-retest reliability: 0.995 Satisfactory reliability and validity Split-half reliability=0.91 Test-retest reliability: 0.72

α: 0.91 α: 0.8 α: 0.91

α: 0.78

α: 0.92

α: 0.82

Good reliability and validity

α: 0.73

α: 0.72‐0.81 α: 0.885

α: 0. 0.57‐0.69 K: 0.85

α: 0.72

α: 0.342

α: 0.721

Split half reliability=0.88-0.97 Test-retest reliability: 0.77-0.97 Test-retest reliability: 0.53 α: 0.86‐0.92 Test-retest reliability: 0.94 α: 0.92

α: 0.81 α: 0.89 N/A

α: 0.87

α: 0.93

Test-retest reliability: 0.89

8 factor model

Significant correlation for 30/32 items Intraclass correlation=0.86-0.96 Split half reliability [Hindi]= 0.91 α: 0.76

α: 0.703

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[5]

[24]

[30] [137]

[138] [139] [138]

[140] [141,142] [143,144] [145]

[146] [147] [148] [149] [150] [151] [152]

[153]

[154]

[155] [156,157]

[158]

[159] [52,160] [161–163]

[138,164] [165]

[166] [167]

[168,169] [170,171] [170] [169] [172] [169] [169] [173] [174]

[175] [176] [177]

E, H E, H

H, P H

H, Ka H, O H

H H, E E

E, H

H, E

E, B

E, H, P, B, G, M, My, Ka, O, Ta, Tel

H, E, O

H, E

O G

H, E, B

α: 0.78 ENA

NA H, B

α: 0.82 E

α: 0.712 H, B

α: 0.737 H, B

0.772 H, E

α: 0.445 E, H

H, E E

α: 0.89 α: 0.87 α: 0.80‐0.95

Contd…

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775

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

Table 2: Contd…

Reference

Language in which evaluation for Number

psychometric property

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Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

13. Scale of positive and negative experience [SPANE] [A]

14. Vellore assessment of social performance [VASP] [D]

15. Transpersonal gratitude scale [TGS] [A]

16. Vellore occupational therapy evaluation scale [VOTES] [D]

17. Vellore inventory of life skills [VILS] [D]

18. Positive and negative affect schedule [PANAS] [T]

19. Scale to assess barriers to health care seeking among medical students [D]

20. Hospital anxiety and depression scale [HADS] [T]

21. Nonverbal social skill rating scale [D]

22. Perceived stress scale [PSS] [T]

23. Aberrant behavior checklist-community [ABC-C] [T]

24. Revised Social Connectedness Scale [T]

25. Perfectionism scale for Indian adults [D]

26. Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire [MHLq] [T]

27. Beck cognitive insight scale [T]

28. Hindi Version of 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale [T]

29. Body Esteem Scale for Adults and Adolescents [BESAA] [A+T]

30. Body Image Concern Inventory [T]

31. Body shape questionnaire [BSQ] [Hindi version] [A+T]

32. Body Image Life Disengagement Questionnaire [BILD-Q] [A+T]

33. Hindi version of Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index [functional dyspepsia] [T]

34. Multidimensional Health Locus of Control [MHLC] Scale-H [T]

35. Self-report altruism scale [T]

36. Cultural intelligence scale [CIS-20] [A]

37. Hindi version of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire [MLQ-H] [T]

38. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [T]

39. Digital-screen exposure questionnaire [DSEQ] [D]

40. Somatosensory Amplification Scale [T]

41. Whitley Index [T]

42. Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale [APAIS] [T]

43. Satisfaction with Life Scale [T]

44. Social cognition and interaction training [SCIT] [A+T]

45. Illness behavior questionnaire [T]

46. NMRES [Negative Mood Regulation Expectancy Scale] [T]

47. Hindi version of the Negative Affect Repair Questionnaire [T]

48. Family Accommodation Scale-Self Rated version [FAS-SR] [T]

[177]

[178] [179] [180]

[181] [182] [183]

[184–186]

[187] [52,188]

[189] [190]

[191] [192] [193]

[194]

[195] [176]

[196] [197] [198]

[24] [199]

[200] [201] [202] [203]

[73] [73] [204] [205] [206] [207] [208] [208] [209]

E, Ta E

E, Ta

E, Ta H

H, Ta, My, Ma

E, Ta H, E, B

Tel

H, E Ta

E H,

H, E H,

H, H,

E H, H, H,

Cohan’s Kappa

α for SPANE P: 0.80

α for SPANE N: 0.77 Test-retest reliability: 0.928 α: 0.735‐0.815

α: 0.817 Test-retest reliability: 0.928 Test-retest reliability: 0.907 α: 0.685 Test-retest reliability: 0.714

α: 0.85 [My version]

α: 0.81 HADS Anx

α: 0.71 HADS Dep

α: 0.923

α: 0.729 for the negative scale & α: 0.650 for positive scale

α: 0.85‐0.92

Test-retest reliability: 0.58-0.76 α: 0.91

Test-retest reliability: 0.96

α: 0.896

α: 0.67

4 factor structure: self-certainty, self‐reflectiveness, openness to external feedback and infallibility of self‐reflection KMO=0.683

α: 0.72

Test-retest reliability: 0.83

3 factor model‐ difficulty identifying feeling, difficulty describing feeling, externally orientated thinking

α for girls 0.8,

α for boys 0.58

α: 0.871

Validity: 0.38-0.42

α: 0.7‐0.8

α: 0.73

α: 0.79–0.86

Test-retest reliability: 0.85

α: 0.77

Test-retest reliability: 0.969-0.984 α: 0.83

Test-retest reliability: 0.72 Validity: 0.833-0.880

α: 0.81‐0.78

α: 0.80

K: 0.52-1.0

α: 0.74‐0.82

α: 0.71‐0.90

α: 0.62

α: 0.97

Test-retest reliability: 0.86-0.91 α: 0.808

N/A

α: 0.936

Validity: 0.889

Contd…

H, E H, E My H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E

E E E E E

E E E

776

Indian Journal of Psychiatry Volume 66, Issue 9, September 2024

Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

Table 2: Contd…

Reference

Language in which evaluation for Number

psychometric property

Cohan’s Kappa

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

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[210]

49. Hindi version of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies [DIGS] [D]

H, E

K: 0.56-0.80 [211]

50. Patient satisfaction scale [PAT-SAT] [T]

H, E

N/A [41]

51. Activities of daily living [ADL] [A]

α: 0.82

Test-retest reliability: 0.82-0.92

52. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale for elderly

[212]

K: 0.60-0.89 people [IADL-E] [D]

α: 0.95

30. Everyday abilities scale of India [EASI] [D]

[41,213]

E, My

α: 0.82

Test-retest reliability: 0.82-0.92

53. PGI locus of control scale [D]

[129]

Validity: 0.79 Test-retest reliability: 0.77

54. Self-concept scale [D]

[214]

α: 0.79‐0.81 H

55. Presumptive stressful life events scale [PSLES] [D]

[215]

N/A H, E

56. Hooper’s Visual organization test [A+T]

[216]

E N/A

57. Self‐efficacy scale [T]

[217]

H, E

Test-retest reliability: 0.93

58. SCARF social functioning index [D]

[218]

H, E

K: 0.80-1.0

59. Psychiatric Social Work [PSW] intervention package [D]

[219]

E, Ka

60. Family Accommodation Scale-Self Rated version [FAS-SR] [T]

[209]

H, E

α: 0.936 Validity: 0.889

61. Hindi version of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies [DIGS] [D]

[210]

K: 0.56-0.80 H, E

62. Patient satisfaction scale [PAT-SAT] [T]

[211]

H, E

N/A

63. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale for elderly people

[212]

K: 0.60-0.89 [IADL-E] [D]

α: 0.95 [220]

64. Attitude of patients and caregivers toward psychotropic [D]

E, H

2‐factor model explained 47.96% of variance. 2 factor model has 1 positive and 1 negative attitude factor 3‐factor model explained 41.71% of variance

4‐factor model 47.96% of variance. 4-factor model has 2 negative and 2 positive attitude factors

[129]

65. PGI locus of control scale [D]

Validity: 0.79

Test-retest reliability: 0.77

66. Self-concept scale [D]

[214]

α: 0.79‐0.81 H

67. Presumptive stressful life events scale [PSLES] [D]

[215]

N/A H, E

68. Hooper’s Visual organization test [A+T]

[216]

N/A

69. Self‐efficacy scale [T]

[217]

Test-retest reliability: 0.93 H, E

70. SCARF social functioning index

[218]

K: 0.80-1.0 H, E

71. Psychiatric Social Work [PSW] intervention package [D]

[219]

E, Ka

72. Treatment compliance assessment scale for clients with mental

[221]

α: 0.932

illness [D]

Test-retest reliability: 0.882 KMO=0.884

2 factor structure: Medication compliance [item 1, 2 and 3] and attitude toward current treatment [items 4, 5, 5 and 7]. [222]

73. Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K6] [T]

α: 0.87

Test-retest reliability: 0.80 [223]

74. Motivation for Addiction Treatment-Hindi scale [D]

α: 0.89‐1.0 Test-retest reliability: 0.59-0.63 [224]

75. Sensation seeking scale [T]

H, E

α: 0.58‐0.67 [225]

76. Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale [PSAS] [T]

H, E

α: 0.641 [226]

77. Attitude toward drug taking behavior [D]

H N/A [227]

78. Relapse precipitant inventory [T]

H, E

Test-retest reliability: 0.73 [228]

79. Assessment of attitude toward drinking and alcoholism [D]

α: 0.64‐0.96 [229–231]

80. Fear of COVID-19 scale [T]

B, E, Ta

α: 0.87‐0.88 [232]

81. Antenatal COVID-19 anxiety scale [D]

E, H

α: 0.878‐0.89 Sensitivity and specificity>70% [233]

α: 0.88

82. Indian scale of fear related to COVID-19 [ISF-C19] Scale [D]

H, E

83. Patient satisfaction scale for COVID 19 patients [D]

[234]

H, E

α: 0.93

D: Developed, T: Translated, A: Adapted, E: English, H: Hindi, P: Punjabi, Ka: Kannada, B: Bengali, O: Oriya, My: Malayalam, G: Gujarati, M: Marathi, Ta: Tamil, Tel: Telugu. Dep: Depression; Anx: Anxiety; St: Stress; NHMS: National Mental Health Survey. K: Cohen’s Kappa; α: Alpha Value

Indian Journal of Psychiatry Volume 66, Issue 9, September 2024 777

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

Table 3: Scales for Assessment of Psychosocial constructs including the caregiver issues

Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

Social support

1. Social support questionnaire – Hindi [A+T]

2. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS] [T] 3. Duke UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire [T]

Recovery

1. Stages of Recovery Instrument [STORI] [T] 2. Recovery assessment scale-H [T]

3. Assessment of Recovery Capital scale [T]

Stigma

1. Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness [ISMI] [T]

2. Affiliate Stigma Scale [ASS] [T]

3. Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill Scale [CAMI] [T]

4. Perceived Discrimination Questionnaire [D]

5. COVID-19 Stigma Scale [D]

7. COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-10-C] [T]

8. Corona information overload scale [CoIOS] [D]

Loneliness

1. University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale [UCLA LS] [T]

2. Loneliness and Dissatisfaction Questionnaire [LSDQ-C] [T] Religiosity and spirituality

1. Centrality of religiosity scale [T]

2. Brief Religious Coping Scale [RCOPE] [T]

3. Spiritual distress scale for palliative care in India [SpiDiScl-PC] [D] 4. Duke Religion Index [DUREL] [T]

5. Spiritual Well-being Scale [SWBS]-H [T]

6. Daily Spiritual Experience Scale [DSES] [T] 6. Religiosity scale [D]

7. Supernatural Attitude Questionnaire [D] Coping

1. Proactive coping inventory [T]

2. Stress coping behavior scale [D]

3. Coping checklist [A+T]

4. Ways of Coping Checklist-Hindi Adaptation [WCC-HA] [A+T] 5. Ways of coping questionnaire [WCQ] [T]

Marital Functioning

1. Dyadic Adjustment Scale [T]

2. Hindi version of Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale [T]

3. Quality Marriage Index [QMI]- Hindi [T]

4. Interpersonal violence questionnaire [T]

5. Indian Family Violence and Control Scale [IFVCS] [D]

Reference

Language in which Psychometric Properties it is available

Number

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[137] [235,236] [237]

[238] [239] [240]

[241,242]

[243]

[244,245] [246] [247] [248] [249]

[250]

[251]

[252,253] [252]

[254] [252]

[24]

[255,256] [257] [258]

[259] [260]

[261] [262] [263]

[104,264] [265] [104] [266] [267]

H, E

H, E, Ta H

E, H E, H H, E

H, E, My

H, E

B, My

H, E

E, H, Ta, Ma, O, As Tel

H, E H, E

H H, E

H, E

H, E E, H E, H

H, E H

H H, E

H, E, B H, E H, E H, E

Test-retest reliability: 0.91

α: 0.927

Cross language equivalence=0.5 Test-retest reliability: 0.94

Cross language equivalence = -0.88

α: 0.854

α: 0.86

Test-retest reliability: 0.93

α: 0.863

KMO=0.846

5-factor model: alienation, stereotype endorsement, discrimination experience, social withdrawal and stigma resistance

5‐factor model explained 58.6% of the variance α: 0.87

K: 1.0

Test-retest reliability: 0.78

KMO=0.9

3‐factor model: cognition, affect and behavior 3 factors explained 63.78% of total variance

α: 0.43-0.73

α: 0.94

α: 0.72

α: 0.707-0.747

α: 0.804

α: 0.93

α: 0.95

K: 0.70

α: 0.90

Test-retest reliability: 0.74 α: 0.85

K: 0.70

α: 0.76

Test-retest reliability: 0.74 α: 0.83

Test-retest reliability: 0.946 α: 0.86

α: 0.82

α: 0.77-0.83

α: 0.82

Test-retest reliability: 0.76 α: 0.62

α: 0.89

α: 0.92

α: 0.844 [wives] α: 0.884 [husbands] α: 0.959

Validity: 0.899 α: 0.34-0.84

Contd…

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Table 3: Contd…

Reference

Language in which Psychometric Properties it is available

Number

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Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

6. Marital quality scale [D]

7. Self-esteem and Relationship Questionnaire [SEAR] [T]

Caregiver burden

1. Involvement Evaluation questionnaire-H [IEQ] [T]

2. Scale for Positive Aspects of Caregiving Experience [SPACE] [D]

3. Family Burden Interview Schedule [FBI] [D]

4. Burden Assessment Schedule [BASS] [D]

5. Carer’s coping checklist [CCL] [D]

6. Psychosocial Inventory for Caregivers [PIC] [D]

7. Zarit burden interview [T]

8. Experience of Caregiving Inventory [ECI] [T]

[268] [112] [269] [270]

[271]

[272]

[273]

[274]

[275] [276]

H H, E H, E H, E

H, E E, Ta E, H E

H H, E

α: 0.91

Test-retest reliability: 0.83

K: 0.46-0.95

Test-retest reliability: 0.76-1.0

α: 0.923

Test-retest reliability: 0.80

intraclass correlation coefficient=0.90‐0.98, cross-language reliability=0.92-0.98

α: 0.87

Validity: 0.72

α: 0.81

Validity: 0.71-0.82

α: 0.86

Test-retest reliability: 0.74

α: 0.88

Validity: 0.50

Table 4: Scales for Assessment of child and adolescent disorders

Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

1. Childhood Psychopathology measurement schedule [D]

2. Adolescence Stress Scale [ADOSS] [D]

3. Life Events Scale for Indian Children [LESIC] [D]

4. Temperament Measurement Schedule [D]

5. Childhood adverse experiences questionnaire [CAQ] [D]

6. Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire [BAPQ] [T]

7. Indian scale for assessment of autism [ISAA] [D]

8. Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth Version [PSC-Y] [T]

9. Adolescent Psychopathology Scale [APS] [T]

10. Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status [PEDS] [T]

11. Impact of event scale for adolescents [T]

12. Parent Child Relationship [PCRQ-C] [T]

13. Child Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire [ChEDE-Q] [A+T]

14. Hindi Child Perception Questionnaire [CPQ11–14] [T]

15. Multidimensional scale for children with sexual abuse [D]

16. Developmental Psychopathology checklist for children [DPCL] [D]

17. BIS-11A -Hindi version [Barratt Impulsiveness Scale – 11 adolescent version] [T]

18. Differential aptitude test [D]

19. Parental Handling Questionnaire [D]

20. Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] [T]

21. Conflict Behavior Questionnaire [CBQ‐C] [T]

22. Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire‐07 [DCDQ′07] [T]

Reference

Language in which it Psychometric properties is available

Number

[277] [278]

[279]

[280]

[281]

[282,283] [284]

[285]

E E

H, E, Ka E

H, E

Test-retest reliability: 0.78-0.91 Test-retest reliability: 0.63

Inter rater reliability 0.84

α for the four factors: 0.73-0.87 Test-retest reliability: 0.89

Inter rater reliability 0.92 Test-retest reliability: 0.83-0.94 Inter rater reliability 0.88-0.96 α : 0.86

Test-retest reliability: 0.946

α : 0.608

α : 0.97

Test-retest reliability: 0.83

α : 0.84

Test-retest reliability: 0.82

α : 0.73-0.83

Test-retest reliability: -0.29 to 0.45 α : 0.77-0.90

α : 0.96

α : 0.649-0.825

α : 0.90

α : 0.93

α : 0.965

α : 0.90

Test-retest reliability: 0.68 Test-retest reliability:

Total Difficulties 0.73‐0.81, Prosocial Behavior0.63-0.66 α : 0.89

α : 0.86

Test-retest reliability: 0.73

Contd…

[286,287]

H, E [288]

H, E

[289] [251] [290] [291] [292] [293] [294] [295] [296] [288,297]

[251] [298]

H, E

H, E, My

H, E H, E

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Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

23. Children apperception test [A+T]

24. Rosenzweig picture frustration study [Children’s form] [T]

25. Development screening test [DST] [D]

26. Denver development screening test [DDST] [T]

27. Nancy Bayley scale [A+T]

28. Kya aur kaise sikhanyen [D]

29. Gessell Drawing test [GDT] [A+T]

30. Coloured progressive matrices [A+T]

31. Seguin form board test [SFB test] [D]

32. Malin’s intelligence scale for indian children [MISIC] [A+T]

33. Stanford Binet test [S-B test]

34. Draw-A-Man-Test [A+T]

35. Conner’s parent rating scales [CPRS] [T]

Table 4: Contd…

Reference Language in which it Psychometric properties Number is available

[299] E

[300] B,G,H,Ka,Ma,Ta,U α : 0.56-0.91

[301] E

[302] E, H

[303] E

[304] H

[305,306] E

[307] E

[308] E

[309] E

[310] E, H

[311] α : 0.83-0.98

Test-retest reliability: 0.79-0.93 [312] B α : 0.60-0.75

Test-retest reliability: 0.84-0.99

Grover and Laxmi: Ratings scales evaluated in India

Table 5: Scales for Neuropsychological Assessment and Other Psychological Assessments

Name of the scale [Developed/translated/adapted]

Neuropsychological battery

PGI battery of brain dysfunctions [D]

AIIMS Comprehensive Neuropsychological Battery in Hindi [D]

NIMHANS neuropsychology battery [D]

Intelligence

Binet Kamat Test of Intelligence-R [A+T]

Vineland social maturity scale [A+T]

Malin’s Intelligence scale for Indian children [A+T]

Bhatia battery of performance intelligence test of intelligence [BBPT] [D]

Verbal adult intelligence scale [A+T]

Wechsler adult performance intelligence scale [A+T] Raven’s progressive matrices [A+T]

Cube construction test [A+T]

Emotional intelligence scale [A+T]

Projective tests

Rorschach ink blot technique [A+T]

Thematic Apperception Test [A+T]

Cassell’s somatic inkblot series [A+T]

Senior apperception test- SAT [A+T]

PGI Sentence completion test [D]

Memory

PGI memory scale [D]

Hind- Mattis dementia rating scale [HMDRS] [T]

Social Cognition

AIIMS Facial Toolbox for Emotion Recognition [AFTER] [D]

Tool for Recognition of Emotions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders [TRENDS] [D] Social cognition rating tools in Indian setting [A+T]

D: Developed, T: Translated, A: Adapted, E: English, H: Hindi

scales to make these available to a large number of mental health professionals. Furthermore, associations like IPS and alike should conduct workshops to train researchers

Reference

Language in which evaluation for Number

psychometric property

Psychometric properties

α : 0.69-0.85

α : 0.79-0.99

Test-retest reliability: 0.79-0.98 Reliability and validity well established, exact details N/A online

α : 0.70 Validity: 0.50 α : 0.81

α : 0.90 Validity: 0.60 α : 0.84 Validity: 0.70 NA

α : 0.69-0.84

Test-retest reliability: 0.10-0.86 N/A

Good validity Test-retest reliability: low N/A

Test-retest reliability: 0.69-0.85 α : 0.78

Test-retest reliability: 0.76

K: 0.68

α : 0.669 α : 0.71-0.78

[313] [314]

[315]

H, E H, E

H, E

[316,317]

H E

E, H

E, H E

[318] [309]

[319]

[320] [321]

[322]

[323,324]

E [325]

E [323,324,326]

E [325]

E [327]

H H

E E E

[328] [42]

[329] [330] [331]

as to how to do the translation, adaptation, and validation process. Besides the professional organization, independent researchers should also carry out the validation process,

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along with the primary research they intend to do, or can consider evaluating psychometric properties of different scales.

The present review has certain limitations that must be considered while considering the completeness of information. First, we limited the review to the published data or data available on various scale websites. Some instruments may have been translated/adapted in the Indian setting and have been used without specific evaluation of the psychometric properties. Hence, in our Internet search, which was limited to searching for studies reporting translation, adaption, and validation of scales, it is quite possible that we were not able to pick up studies that used translated scales, but evaluation of psychometric properties was not the main focus of the study. Second, this review did not attempt to evaluate the quality of translation, adaptation, and validation processes used across different scales. Third, we did not include information about many commercially available scales. This was done because more information on their psychometric properties was needed. However, we included information about the scales translated and adapted by independent researchers, although some psychometric properties needed to be evaluated or reported. There could be many more scales that could have been translated for thesis and desertions across the country but not published. Hence, we could not include the same.

To conclude, the present review suggests that a limited number of scales have been developed in India. Additionally, several scales have been translated and adapted in the Indian context. Despite the translation and adaption, many of these scales have yet to be evaluated for psychometric properties. Keeping these points in mind, there is a need to develop more psychometrically sound scales for research and routine clinical practice. Additionally, efforts must be made to translate and adapt scales available in different languages and subject the same to psychometric evaluations.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Supplement Table 1: Scales which has been referred to in various articles to be translated/adapted in India, but for which psychometric data is not available

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Name of the scale

16 PF questionnaire

Bharmouri Mental State Exam [BMSE]

Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale [VASS]

Children apperception test

Development screening test [DST]

Denver development screening test [DDST]

Nancy Bayley scale

Kya aur kaise sikhanyen

Coloured progressive matrices

Seguin form board test [SFB test]

Malin’s intelligence scale for indian children [MISIC]

Stanford Binet test [S-B test]

Attitude towards drug taking behaviour

Depression Happiness Scale

Verbal adult intelligence scale

Thematic Apperception Test

PGI Sentence completion test

Female sexual functioning scale [FSFI]

Dhat syndrome interview schedule

Scale for Assessment of Female Dhat syndrome [SAFED]

Diagnostic and assessment instrument for Dhat syndrome

Self-esteem and Relationship Questionnaire [SEAR]

Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire-Male [SQoL-M]

Index of Premature Ejaculation [IPE]

International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]

Adolescent Psychopathology Scale [APS]

BIS-11A -Hindi version [Barratt Impulsiveness Scale – 11 adolescent version] Gessell Drawing test [GDT]

Penn Alcohol Craving Scale

Drug Abuse Screen Test [DAST-10]

Ways of Coping Checklist-Hindi Adaptation [WCC-HA]

Interpersonal violence questionnaire

Experience of Caregiving Inventory [ECI]

Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire [MHLq]

Somatosensory Amplification Scale

Whitley Index

Screening for Somatoform Disorders Instrument

Hindi version of the Negative Affect Repair Questionnaire

Patient satisfaction scale [PAT-SAT]

Presumptive stressful life events scale [PSLES]

Hooper’s Visual organization test

Psychiatric Social Work [PSW] intervention package

Zarit burden interview

D: Developed, T: Translated, A: Adapted, E: English, H: Hindi

Developed/translated/ adapted in India

T T T A+T D T A+T D A+T D A+T T D T A+T A+T D T D D D T T T T T T A+T T A+T A+T T T T T T T T T D A+T D T

Developed/translated/ adapted in India by [127]

[40]

[332]

[299]

[301]

[302]

[303]

[304]

[307]

[308]

[309]

[310]

[226]

[60]

[320]

[325]

[327]

[106]

[107]

[110]

[111]

[112]

[286,287]

[294]

[305,306]

[119]

[121]

[262]

[266]

[276]

[192]

[73]

[208]

[211]

[215]

[216]

[219]

[275]

Language in which it is available

H Bh H E E E, H E H E E E E, H H H E, H E H H, E H H H H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E E H, E E H H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E H, E E E, K H

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A systematic compilation of rating scales developed, translated, and adapted in India

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